Kangxi and Changchun Garden
Portrait of Emperor Kangxi
Since February 22nd, 26th year of Kangxi (April 3rd, 1687), Emperor Xuanye of Kangxi lived in Changchun Garden for the first time, he loved this beautiful imperial garden very much. I came to the park for 44 days that year. According to the statistics of relevant scholars, Xuanye has lived in Changchun Garden every year since then, with the least year being the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696) and 29 days. The most is the forty-seven years of Kangxi, which lasted for 202 days. Most of him came to the suburban garden after handling the important ceremonial banquet in the first half of the first month, and he lived in Changchun Garden eight times on the second day of the first month. Usually, I have to stay in November or even late December before I leave the park and return to the palace. Among them, I left the park for eight times from the 25th to 28th of the twelfth lunar month. Of course, quite a lot of time was spent visiting Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the south, paying homage to the ancestral tombs in the east, visiting Wutai in the west and the paddock in the north, and not all of them lived in Dianyuan. Xuanye’s birthday is March 18th, and he spent the Wanshou Festival in Changchun Garden for 24 times. Until he died of illness in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden, he lived in Changchun Garden for 257 times in 36 years, totaling more than 3,870 days.
The main content of Xuanye’s life in Changchun Garden is to avoid noise and listen to politics, to support himself and enjoy the scenery in summer. In addition, there are festivals to celebrate, banquets to give food, trees to spread the world, and parents to teach children.
Avoid noise and listen to politics
Daily government affairs include selecting officials, introducing people, reading and approving books, summoning ministers, and discussing orders. During his stay in Chang Chun Garden, Emperor Kangxi spent almost every day in Lian Ning’s residence listening to political directors and handling all kinds of government affairs. For example, Emperor Kangxi was stationed in Changchunyuan for the first time in the 26th year of Kangxi, and he went to the inner gate of Changchunyuan three times in nine days, that is, he took charge of the government inside and outside the Hall of Nine Classics and Three Events. Another example is: Around 30 to 36 years of Kangxi, many political affairs of personal expedition to Junggar were agreed in Changchun Garden. Another example is: I lived in the Imperial Garden for thirteen days from the first day to the thirteenth day of December in the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (1715), and lived in the court for six days, and handled dozens of matters that needed to be decided. On the first day of junior high school, nine urgent problems were solved in succession. The last one is about Cao Yin and Li Xu’s debt to silver.
And meet foreign envoys. For example, in the forty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi (1705), Emperor Kangxi received the special envoy of the Holy See, Dorothy, in Changchun Garden, without kneeling and giving him a seat. He also ordered people to take gifts from the imperial court and go to Rome to answer for employment. On the Mid-Autumn Festival the following year, Kangxi called the Roman special envoy Doro into the garden to give food and watch the lights. Please invite Doro to visit Changchun Garden in five months. Another example is: In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi (1720), the envoy of the Western countries (Portugal) Pei Lali came to the DPRK, and Xuanye received and gave tea in the Hall of the Nine Classics and Three Events. Another example is: In the month of December 59, Kangxi received Karoku, the special envoy of the Holy See, eight times in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden, and received gifts from the Pope and presented gifts to the Pope and the Portuguese king. In the meantime, Karoku was also given a sable gown, snuff bottle, sable crown, blue robe, enamel bowl and other things and given a banquet.
And watch martial arts. Since the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), Emperor Kangxi has been able to watch the martial arts players riding and shooting in the West Factory in Changchun Garden in October or November. Sometimes, a ceremony of biography is held in the park, and the first place of Jinshi, such as Wu Zhuangyuan, is promulgated. For example, in the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (1715), from November 13th to 16th, Emperor Kangxi came to Changchunyuan West Factory to read the martial arts. Leading the guards’ ministers, reading officials, university students’ loose columns, etc., arranged in a row, and the emperor rose to sit down. Before the assistant minister of the Ministry of War Jue and others entered, 170 people, including Xu Slow, who played martial arts, were divided into 11 classes to test their riding and shooting. The emperor ordered the ministers to sit down. So read Xu Shu and others, ride and shoot in turn, and remember the best. After reading the test, the emperor ordered the princes to ride and shoot. The next day, I continued to read and try to shoot with steps, pull hard work, dance knives and throw stones. On the third day, we continued to test fire in the West Factory. Select 15 best candidates from the martial arts and repeat them, and divide them into different grades. Ministers will select the top three of the 15 people as A, the other 12 as Dimethyl and the rest as Top Three, and present the papers of 15 people.
study science
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was the first climax of cultural exchanges between China and the West, also known as the first spread of Western learning to the East. During this period, Emperor Kangxi came into contact with some missionaries who were familiar with western science and technology, and he began to have a strong interest in western science and technology. Bai Jin, a French Jesuit, recalled in his book: "Kangxi studied western science with great interest, spending several hours with us every day, and spending more time on self-study during the day and night." At this time, Emperor Kangxi had dimly realized the importance of natural science. In order to cultivate talents specializing in astronomical observation and natural science and compile large-scale scientific and technological works, he set up a Mongolian-supported vegetarian and mathematical museum in Changchun Garden. This was called "Royal Academy of Sciences" by French missionaries.
Emperor Kangxi studied very hard and had a wide range of knowledge. He dabbled in human geography, calendar, arithmetic, hundred schools of thought, medicine, natural science, Buddhism, Confucian classics and Taoist books, and was a generalist. There are three sources of knowledge in Kangxi: First, Manchu culture. As the emperor of Manchu, learning the culture of his own nation is a basic accomplishment. Kangxi followed the Manchu master to speak Manchu, learn Manchu and practice riding and shooting. The second is the Han culture. As a minority ruler who entered the Central Plains, in order to gain the recognition of the Han people, Kangxi studied Confucian classics with the Han master, read a lot of historical books, became familiar with the Confucian "study of emperors" and was influenced by Confucian culture. The third is western technology. European Catholic Jesuits came to China to preach, bringing advanced western science, technology and knowledge. Emperor Kangxi, with an open mind, invited Zhang Cheng, Bai Jin and others to Changchun Garden many times to teach western science: mathematics, astronomy, engineering, surveying, medicine and even human anatomy. For example, on the eighth day of March in the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), Emperor Kangxi called Zhang Cheng, a French missionary, to teach geometry at Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden. Looking for Zhang Chengfu to teach in the park many times.
The establishment time of Mengyangzhai Mathematics Museum was the second day of June in the fifty-second year of Kangxi (1713). It is clearly recorded in Records of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty that in June, Ding Chou "ordered Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng to set up a museum in the palace". However, the research scope of Meng Yangzhai is not limited to mathematics, but also calendar and music. In September of the fifty-second year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi issued another decree: "Yu and Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng, etc., compiled books on the algorithm of Lu and Lv, wrote a library in Mengyangzhai, and tested the musical instruments in the temple and palace." In October of the 58th year of Kangxi (1719), Wang Lansheng, a juren from Mengyangzhai, was ordered to write "Positive Rhyme".
Mengyangzhai Mathematics Museum has translated more than a dozen Manchu-Chinese mathematics books, such as Geometry Original, Proportion Solution, Usage of Measuring High Instruments, Eight-line Table Roots, Method of Pythagorean Seeking, Excerpt of Borrowing Roots Algorithm, Record of Western Mirrors, etc., and has also completed works such as The Origin of Laws and Calendars, and trained a number of people such as Mei Juecheng, Minggatu and He Guozong. It also promoted the almanac and geographical mapping of the whole country.
As early as the first day of October in the fifty-first year of Kangxi (1712), Emperor Kangxi "instructed the third son of Emperor Huang and Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng, etc.: the height of the North Pole and the distance from Huang Chi are the most important in the calendar, and they should be measured daily after living in Lianning". And immediately got a few princes to play back. In November of the same year, Prince Ying Cheng invited him to send someone to Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangnan and Zhejiang provinces for surveying and mapping.
Unfortunately, out of the need of rule, Emperor Kangxi only recruited students from the Mongolian Institute of Arithmetic in a small area such as the palace, which was not popularized among the people, and the advanced western science and technology failed to play its due role in the whole country. With the end of the Kangxi Dynasty, the study of Sino-Western communication also ended, and China missed a historical opportunity of innovation in science and technology.
Editing and editing books
Kangxi loved not only reading books, but also compiling books. It can be said that the compilation and publication of books is a major feature of Kangxi’s Wen Zhi, and Kangxi paid special attention to China’s traditional culture. When he lived in Jingxi Garden, he presided over or organized the compilation of many series of books, which made great contributions to the construction of Chinese traditional culture.
Compile the hadith. On the 10th day of August in the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when Kangxi was stationed in Yuquan Mountain, he approved the invitation of Dai Wangyu, an imperial historian of Fujian Road, to compile the sacred instruction of Emperor Taizong Gao, Emperor Taizong Wen and Emperor Sezuzhang, and thought: "The sacred instruction of Taizu, Taizong and Sezuzhang is of great significance and should be compiled." In the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth years of Kangxi, four volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Taizong Gao, six volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Taizong Wen and six volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Shizuzhang were successively completed.
Yuanjianzhai is the place where Emperor Kangxi advocated and guided the compilation of vast ancient books in Changchun Garden. Here, Emperor Kangxi ordered Xu Qianxue to compile and annotate Yuan Jian, and organized Zhang Ying, Wang Shi and others to compile a large-scale book, Yuan Jian Lei Han.
Yuan Jian of Imperial Selection of Ancient Chinese Literature is an anthology of ancient Chinese literature. Among them, there are more than 1300 articles by nearly 800 authors from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Song Dynasty. Each article is printed on the top of the book, and the ministers are attached to it. The capital of each article has Xuanye’s royal approval, and each article has the emperor’s introduction and comments on the article. There is a preface written by Xuanye in front of the book.
Yuan Jian lei Han is a kind of book that focuses on checking the rhetoric of articles. Zhang Ying, Wang Shi and others further expanded the scope of collection on the basis of the book Tang Lei Han in the Ming Dynasty, making the book more comprehensive and complete in time. The book, with 445 volumes, was published in 1710 by Xuanye himself.
Peiwenzhai is the hall where Emperor Kangxi collects ancient and modern books and paintings, the painting and calligraphy room where he reads, appreciates paintings and calligraphy, learns books and practices calligraphy, and the workshop where he compiles books and paintings. Based on Peiwenzhai, Emperor Kangxi carried out a large-scale and continuous compilation of poetry, calligraphy and painting. Among them, the books with the title of "Pei Wenzhai" include Selected Poems about Objects of Pei Wenzhai, Prose of Guang Qun of Pei Wenzhai, Prose of Paintings and Calligraphy of Pei Wenzhai and Pei Wenyun House.
Be nurtured by others
Kangxi once said: "When I was in the womb, I told the Pope Prince that I was alert to the classics, diligent in raising my life, studying the classics every day, making me recite them, and reuniting with my relatives to explain them. I never stopped asking questions." Wang Shizhen’s "Continuation of Juyi" also records: "When I was in the palace, I taught the four books and five classics for the East Palace. Before I served the imperial gate every day, I had to recite and repeat the books I had given the day before, so that I could get through be adept at." It was not until June, the 26th year of Kangxi (1687) that Xuanye chose three masters for the princes: Shang Shu Da Hata, Tang Bin and Shao Zhan Shi Geng Jie, and obtained the approval and support of the scholars Mingzhu and Wang Xi. Xuanye’s selection of teachers is very strict, which requires both profound knowledge and noble morality. He also selected Brinton, Xiong Cilv, Li Guangdi, Xu Yuanmeng, Gu Eight Dynasties, Fahai and others as the master of the Prince, all of whom lived in Confucianism.
On the seventh day of June, the 26th year of Kangxi, Xuanye summoned three masters, namely Dahata, Tang Bin and Geng Jie, while the Crown Prince and the Prince were on standby, and the ministers, guards and residence officials were left and right. The emperor issued a decree: "Since ancient times, emperors have always taken pre-education and saving two as the foundation of their country. I am afraid that the Crown Prince will not be knowledgeable, that is, he will not be able to understand the body, but will be diligent in teaching and training since childhood, so as not to make a day of leisure … The Crown Prince never knows anything but reading and playing. ….. You are well-known abroad, and we hereby order you to discipline the East Palace. " Regarding the subjects of study, he said: "I sincerely know the family precepts of my ancestors, and the civil and military affairs are in parallel, and I dare not neglect riding and shooting. Therefore, the crown prince and the prince are taught poetry books, and they are also taught to ride and shoot." Although Tang Bin repeatedly refused to say that he could not shoulder this heavy responsibility, he still failed to change the emperor’s decision.
From the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the Crown Prince and the princes began to study in Wuyizhai under the guidance of three masters. Degele and Peng Sunqi, officials of Juju Notes, wrote down the learning situation of the princes in Wuyizhai: In the early morning, the Crown Prince and the princes were studying in Wuyizhai, reading several sections and a chapter on the classics. Tang Bin held a book and listened to the Crown Prince recite it without leaving a word. Read a new book again. The crown prince wrote a piece of regular script, about hundreds of words. At dawn, the emperor arrived and rose to the throne. Ask the Juzhu official: How does the prince study? Yes, "the prince is rich in quality and profound in knowledge." Xuanye made a comment: "If you can’t read, you think you can read, you can’t talk, but you think you can talk. If this person is not human." After the emperor returned to the palace, the Crown Prince wrote another piece of regular script. After lunch, the Crown Prince wrote a piece of paper in full, that is, reviewed the Book of Rites and the classics, and read them one hundred and twenty times each. At this time, the emperor came to Wuyizhai again, and the Crown Prince Yun Wan, the eldest son Yun Wan, the third son Yun Zhi, the fourth son Yin Zhen, the fifth son Yun Qi, the seventh son Yun You and the eighth son Yun You? Stand by. The emperor took out ten Yu Ben from the case and handed it to Tang Bin, saying, "You can take it out by hand and let the princes read it." Tang Bin opened the scriptures, and Yun Zhi, Yin Zhen, Yun You, and Yun Yu went in first, and each reading was loud and clear. He also ordered me to explain the chapters of "Knowing the Things" and "The Analects of Confucius", which were word for word and integrated with the righteousness. The emperor ordered Yunqi to read a Manchu article with clear paragraphs and bright sentences. The emperor said: "I must study at the rate of 120 times when I was young. If I don’t cover it like this, I can’t be overwhelmed. Therefore, it is the same for teaching princes and princes to study." He also said,He often erases the words of the Crown Prince, adding few words and never adding circles. The emperor asked the master and the near minister to write, and the handwriting of Tang Bin and Geng Jie was very common. The emperor personally sprinkled Chen Han, and wrote a seven-character poem by Song Rucheng and a piece of paper with the words "Cun Cheng". The beautiful silk characters, vigorous Chinese characters, all have statutes, and all the ministers are full of praise. Later, the emperor led all the scholars to practice archery, and personally pulled the bow and arrow, and all the shots were successful; I also ordered the ministers and guards to learn to shoot. At this time, it was dusk, and the all-day study of the Crown Prince and the princes came to an end. The emperor also went back to Qingxi Bookstore. After such continuous study, the Crown Prince and the princes have a high level of culture and Manchu language and writing, and they are not only familiar with ancient China classics, but also have a high level of painting, calligraphy and riding. Later, the Crown Prince moved to the West Garden to live and study, and the princes also moved to No.4 Lotus Pond in the south of the West Garden.
Planting rice for rain
In the Qing dynasty, the rulers attached great importance to agricultural production, which was regarded as the foundation of national stability. Kangxi once planted imperial rice in Changchun Garden and promoted it vigorously. The rulers also paid special attention to the rainfall situation that directly affected agricultural output, and carried out rain-seeking activities in Haidian area.
As a spring-rich place in the west of Beijing, Haidian has a long tradition of planting rice. In the early years of Kangxi, Prince Dan Zhen, the owner of the garden in tsinghua campus, changed the lotus pond in the garden into a paddy field, and the annual profit could reach hundreds of taels of silver. Kangxi’s earliest activity in the western suburbs was to watch the growth of rice in the west of Beijing. During the construction of Changchun Garden, Emperor Kangxi set aside a paddy field in the west wall of Changchun Garden to test and cultivate excellent rice seeds himself. From Wuyizhai Tushan to the north, until Daximen, located in the northwest of the garden, there are about hundreds of acres of fields, which is the "experimental field" for Kangxi to plant imperial rice. According to "Kangxi’s Collection of Leisure Things", rice seeds are early rice selected and cultivated by Kangxi himself, named "Imperial Rice". It is also called "rouge rice" because its rice awn is lavender, its rice grains are reddish and long, its smell is fragrant and its taste is poor, and it can be cooked twice a year. This is also the originator of "Jingxi Rice" in Haidian District.
In the fifty-third year of Kangxi (1714), the imperial rice at the foot of Yuquan Mountain grew to 600 mu, plus Liulangzhuang, Wanquanzhuang, Heilongtan, Gaoliangqiao, Shijingshan and Nanyuan, totaling nearly 10,000 mu. The planting range of imperial rice has not only been further expanded, but also the area has increased several times, and it has become the main source of imperial rice in the court. In order to ensure the production of royal rice, in the same year, Fengchenyuan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, set up a "rice field factory" in Qinglong Bridge to manage royal rice fields.
There are sixty-four rice paddies, which are government offices, warehouses and mills. At the same time, there are two official places, one in Gongde Temple and the other in Liulangzhuang. "Yongxian Record" said: When Kangxi was in Kangxi, "it served imperial meals, saying that it served imperial rice and went out to the western hills of the capital", and Changping Prefecture produced rice everywhere, but Yuquan Mountain was better than Yuquan Spring, so rice was needed. The "Qing Hui Dian" also records: "The jade grains above are taken from the rice fields of Yuquan Mountain."
In the later period of Kangxi’s rule, the society was stable and the population began to increase sharply. Kangxi was deeply worried about this population expansion: "Since the unification of the area, in 678 this year, all the people have enjoyed peace, and the fertility has increased day by day. Although the registered permanent residence has increased, the land has not increased. If one person’s property is used by several families, how can he make a living?" The rapid population growth and predatory development have brought great pressure to the surrounding environment of Gyeonggi. The ecological environment has become extremely fragile, and floods and droughts have started to break out frequently. Therefore, in the middle and late period of Kangxi’s rule, emperors were more concerned about sunny and rainy days, and more and more words were found in historical materials. For example, on June 25th, the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), during Emperor Kangxi’s tour to the north, Yin Zhi, the third son of Emperor Huang, invited the emperor to pay his respects, and made a special presentation on the rainy situation in the capital area: "There has been a lot of rain in the capital area, Changchun Garden, Cirja Camp and other places recently. Yu: There is enough rain here. " The feeling of concern is on the paper.
The belief in praying for rain and sunshine by the dragon gods, which was valued by the rulers of past dynasties, was also maintained in the Kangxi Dynasty. As the most common measure to resist disasters, praying for rain was valued by Emperor Kangxi and included in the national sacrifice code. When Changchun Garden was built, Kangxi built the Longwang Temple in the garden as a special place to pray for rain. In case of drought, Kangxi often sent princes, county kings, Baylor, Beizi and ministers to the Longwang Temple to pray for rain. Each rain praying ceremony is very grand and has established procedures. For example, on May 13th, the forty-ninth year of Emperor Kangxi (1710), Yin Zhi, the third son of the Emperor, and others gave orders: At Longwang Temple in Changchun Garden, pray for rain as the twelve sons of the Emperor prayed for rain.
The history of rice in the west of Beijing has a long history. According to historical records, Haidian, which is fertile and beautiful, began to build canals to grow rice during the Cao and Wei Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, and it has a history of more than 1,700 years. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in the second year of Cao Fangjiaping, the king of Wei Qi, Jing Liu stopped water to build a dam on the Luohe River (now Yongding River) and built a carriage canal. "Irrigation thistle (city) north and south, planting rice in the third night, and benefiting the border people." It was not until Guo Shoujing, a water conservancy scientist in Yuan Dynasty, opened Tonghui River, and sufficient water ensured the growth of rice, that farmers on both sides of the strait began to plant rice on a large scale.
Kangxi was the emperor who really turned Jingxi rice into "Imperial Rice". Emperor Kangxi skillfully integrated the "pastoral scenery" shown by intensive cultivation into the garden landscape, which not only provided materials for life, but also created the artistic conception of pastoral life, so that garden dwellers could experience the seclusion interest of pro-farming. Emperor Kangxi attached great importance to agriculture, and with his support, the cultivation of rice in western Beijing was further developed. He also personally experimented, compared the rice between the north and the south, and cultivated excellent varieties as royal royal rice, and vigorously promoted planting. Even set up a rice field factory to manage these royal imperial rice.
Kangxi once experimented with rice on the side of Fengze Garden in Zhongnanhai, Beijing, and sent people to plant a small experimental field under Yuquan Mountain, which was successful and later called "Jingxi Rice". In his poem "Early Imperial Rice", he wrote: "The purple awn is half a hectare of green and shady, and I love the early imperial rice. If you make the prescriptions more widely distributed, you may see the needles twice. " (Lu Qin’s Song of the Dragon-Poems of the Emperors in China) Here he expressed his heartfelt joy after watching the rice fields, and he longed for the rice area to expand constantly and strive to harvest twice a year.
The whole story is like this: One day in June, when Kangxi was patrolling the rice fields in Fengzeyuan, he came across a rice that was "above the rice" and the grain was ripe. Originally, Yutian rice was planted here, and it will not mature until September of the lunar calendar, but this rice in front of us is two months ahead of schedule, which is beyond Kangxi’s expectation. He used it as a seed to try planting in the next year, and it really matured in June. This early-maturing new rice has reddish color and long grains, and tastes delicious. (See Kangxi’s Faulty Style) Because it was discovered and cultivated by Kangxi himself, it is called Imperial Rice. Later, people called it Jingdao.
Kangxi’s poem "On the 11th of July when he was watching rice in Changchun Garden" also wrote: "In July, the purple mountain is fragrant with five miles, and the near-garden remains a species of Zhu Zhenxiang. Yan Fang and Saibei are all called Rui, and they are happy and happy. " July in the lunar calendar is equivalent to August in the solar calendar. Seeing the purple awn in the rice field is associated with the fragrance of a grain, which shows that he attaches great importance to rice. People in both the hot places in the south and the colder places in the north of Saibei praised the transplantation of this cereal crop as a good omen. In particular, it is a great wish to plant rice in the northern part of the Great Wall, which has become a reality through hard work.
According to relevant documents, in the 42nd year of Kangxi, the Qing government built chengde mountain resort, and imperial rice seeds were first transplanted here, which was located in the north of the Great Wall. Generally, rice could not mature after the Millennium, but the imperial rice seeds matured before the Millennium, so the experiment was successful. So it opened a new record of planting rice north of the Great Wall. Kangxi once said: "The rice fields in the villa still have a surplus for summer use every year."
Kangxi’s cultivation of rice can be said to be affectionate. Therefore, he has a specific description of the whole process of rice breeding, seedling pulling, transplanting, harvesting and ear picking, and all of them have persistent pursuit and deep desire. There is a detailed description in his group poem titled Farming Map:
The first seedling: "A year’s farming is in the depth of spring, and the family is looking forward to the new year." I love the clear weather, and the green fields are thousands of hectares. " Pulling out the seedlings: "The green onions are full of water, and the transplanting of Xichou is even more furious. The order of the festival is shocking, and the seedlings must be divided into early summer days. " Transplanting: "There are thousands of beds in Shui Ze, and the competition for transplanting new seedlings is afraid of the future. The Asian brigade is happy to work together, and it is not too late to go home in the next month. " Harvesting: "Huang Yun is full of dew, and the waist sickle is blessed with rice. Children collect the ears everywhere, and every family in the village bears the burden. " Holding the ear: "Nanmu Qiu Lai celebrates Fucheng, but Qu Qu has not released the old peasants’ feelings. The frost rises from the neighborhood and listens to the sound of rice in the village. "
Here is a series of scenes of farmers growing rice, with vivid language. Early seedling, describing farmers’ hard work in order to seize the farming season, "green fields are thousands of hectares", the scene is huge and quite imposing. Pull out the seedlings and describe the busy scene of rice transplanting. The paddy fields are full of thick green, showing a vibrant scene. Transplanting rice seedlings describes the scene of "Yalv" (small officials and village officials) working with farmers in the vast farmland, and the moon rises before returning home without complaint. The purpose of this hard work in Dai Yue is to get a good harvest. Harvesting depicts reaping with sickle, young and old doing their best, children picking up the ears of rice skillfully, and farmers returning with great strength, which sets off a jubilant atmosphere after a bumper harvest. Holding the ear outlines the scene of rice harvesting in the countryside, highlighting the feeling of hearing, and the joy of harvest is stirring everywhere in the village. Kangxi had personal experience in growing rice. His poems are not extraordinary masterpieces, but they are close to life and smell of earth. They are more lively and interesting than some literati who write poems by imagination in their study.
In a word, Kangxi had a close relationship with Jingdao, which was unparalleled among hundreds of emperors in ancient China. His contribution is to promote the transplanting of rice to the north of the Great Wall and advocate the promotion of double-cropping rice in the south. The descendants of Kangxi, namely Yongzheng and Qianlong, also attached great importance to agricultural production. At the beginning of spring ploughing, Yongzheng and Qianlong held the ceremony of "borrowing farmland" in the small experimental field of "Fengzeyuan" successively, and demonstrated by themselves to help farmers. Yongzheng’s poem "Tillage" wrote: "Spring turns in Yuanji, and it is warm and comfortable in Jutz. The green dove cries for rain, and the yellow calf drives the plow at the beginning. There is no escape for every mu of people, and they dare to work hard. Care about the lessons and help the village market. " This poem expresses sincere desire for the hard work of farmers in the busy season of spring ploughing. There is a poem "Fengze Garden" in Qianlong: "After gardening, I will farm the fields, and the name of the garden is Fengze, Myanmar and Yaonian." Here, the layout of rice fields and vegetable gardens in Fengze Garden is described, and his concept of attaching importance to agriculture is expressed, which is quite meaningful to Sun Jizhu’s career.
Dinner banquet
In ancient China, a fine ethical concept of respecting the elderly and caring for the young was formed very early, and the older people are, the more respected they are by the society. Therefore, it often attracted the attention of feudal emperors in the past dynasties. In the "King System", there is a ritual system of respecting the elderly by emperors who "give sticks" to the elderly. Ren Fang (460-508), a famous litterateur in the Southern Dynasties, who was Cheng in the imperial history and the prefect of Yixing, once left a famous sentence: "Laojun still cares about his teeth, but he regrets this staff’s nostalgia" (see Answer to Jian ‘an Pay Staff). During the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the national strength was strong, which was called "the prosperous time of Kanggan" in history. The activities of respecting, respecting and loving the elderly were paid special attention to by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong, so there were four grand and spectacular "thousand banquets" in history. In the fifty-second year of Kangxi, the sixty-first year of Kangxi, the fifty years of Qianlong and the first year of Jiaqing, respectively, two thousand banquets during the reign of Kangxi were held in Changchun Garden.
In March of the fifty-second year of Kangxi (AD 1713), the 60th birthday of Emperor Kangxi, the holy ancestor of Qing Dynasty (also known as Wanshou Festival), he thought: "Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there have been 190 emperors, and they have enjoyed a long time, and there is no one like me." Therefore, we decided to hold a grand and ostentatious celebration of Wanshou. (See Record of Kangxi, Volume 254) In Beijing, the colorful shed set up for the celebration extends from Xizhimen to Changchun Garden for 20 miles. The Ministry of Rites has made a special provision: "It is unusual to meet anniversary who is 60 years old this year." From the first day of March to the end of the month, Beijing officials have to wear embroidered robes and make up their gowns, breaking the routine of wearing only royal clothes for seven days. The most striking thing is that Emperor Kangxi announced that in aged person, people over 65 years old, regardless of government or people, can get to Beijing on time to attend the banquet in Changchun Garden.
On March 25th, Emperor Kangxi hosted the first banquet for ministers, officials and scholars of Han nationality in front of the main gate of Changchun Garden. There were 33 people over 90 years old, 538 people over 80 years old, 1823 people over 70 years old and 1846 people over 65 years old. All the princes, grandchildren and descendants of the imperial clan who were over 10 years old and under 20 years old came out to toast the old people, distribute food, help the old people over 80 years old to drink in front of Emperor Kangxi to show their favor, and reward them with silver.
On this day, the scene of the Imperial Palace was unusually solemn and grand. Under the eaves of the Imperial Palace, there is a display of Zhonghe Shaole; In Ningshou Gate, there is Dan Bi Da Le. Inside the temple, there are seats for princes and ministers. Under the temple, the envoys of North Korea and other vassal countries were arranged; The seats with the banquet are under the steps outside the temple.
On March 27th, in front of the main entrance of Changchun Garden, a wine banquet was held to entertain ministers, officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners and idlers, including 7 people over 90 years old, 192 people over 80 years old, 1,394 people over 70 years old, and 1,012 people over 65 years old. On March 28th, in front of the Empress Dowager Palace in Changchun Garden, a banquet was held for the Eight Banners old women over 70 years old. Those over 90 years old were seated at the palace gate, those over 80 years old were seated at Xidan Gate, and the rest were outside the palace gate. More than 6,600 people attended the banquet in aged person, Manchu, and an unknown number of eight banners old women, certainly no less than 7,000 people, and its grand occasion was passed down as a much-told story.
In the first lunar month of the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi was 69 years old. In order to celebrate his 70th birthday, he held a second banquet in Ganqing Palace. At that time, 12-year-old Hongli attended the banquet as the emperor’s grandson. This year is the last year of Emperor Kangxi’s life journey.
On the first day of the first month of the first month, the palace held a New Year’s gift to the DPRK. The old emperor, who had weathered the storm and was quite satisfied with his sixty-year imperial career, wrote the poem "Sixty-one Spring Fasting Book", which said: the nature is towering, and the classics assist the DPRK. Don’t do your best, don’t make the vulgar atmosphere noisy. Don’t miss farming and mulberry, you must be timid inside and outside. The wind is high and the birds are quiet, and the rain is enough and the road is clear. How can the inspection be hidden, and how can the loose-packed be shaken? Although it is dusk in Sang Yu, the pine and cypress wither with frost. Long-term cultivation of spring is prosperous, and it is lenient and strict. Tiredness should be unavoidable, and the more ashamed you are, the more obvious you are.
The reason for this banquet is that the world is peaceful and the people’s livelihood is rich. On the second day of the first month, in front of the Forbidden City, a banquet was held to entertain 680 civil and military ministers, officials and officials of the Eight Banners, who were over 65 years old and retired. Kings and idle imperial clan members came out to confer titles on the old people to persuade them to drink and distribute food. On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, another banquet was held for 340 ministers of civil and military affairs and officials of the Han nationality who were over 65 years old.
Records in Zhang Cheng Diary
On the 15th day of the first month of the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Xuanye hosted a banquet for Zhang Cheng and other foreign teachers in the bedroom. The emperor ordered the imperial court to prepare horses, gave them a ride into Changchun Garden, and then was introduced to Qingxi Bookstore. They saw "cold dishes, fruits, pastries and sweets on the table". After the meal, Zhang Cheng also witnessed Xuanye’s banquet for the clan here. "Zhang Cheng Diary" recorded the grand banquet in detail: after we ate, the internal supervisor arranged for the emperor to have a banquet with 12 to 15 relatives in the imperial palace today. Tea and food used on the table are placed at the other end of the hall. There is a big square table in the center of the temple, covered with red lacquer and gold, and decorated with dragon flowers. Tatars and Han Chinese don’t use tablecloths and napkins. They only spread yellow satin embroidered with golden dragons on the table. There are two tables around the front of the table, and the edges are decorated with colored stone beads inlaid with silver wire. These are all made of ordinary stones with no luster. On both sides of the hall, a ruler is set for the pro-expensive ministers, and the cushions are placed on the floor. They took their seats here for dinner. There are pyramids of cold meat in the food, and cold dishes made of aspic, beans, cauliflower or Chinese cabbage. The imperial table is full of colorful flowers, and flowers and trees are planted in large porcelain pots or painted wooden barrels all winter, which are displayed in the emperor’s bedroom. This is the main decoration in his inner bedroom. Other than that, everything is plain. The corner of the hall is separated by a screen, and a band is set here. A group of 10-to 12-year-old eunuchs, dressed as clowns, performed various martial arts in front of the table. Two of them bent their heads backward, almost touching their heels, and then stood upright at the beginning, without moving their positions or using their hands or feet …
On the Lantern Festival in the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Xuanye invited his foreign teacher Zhang Cheng and others to watch the fireworks with him. Zhang Cheng Diary wrote: In the evening, we went to watch fireworks. The fire was set up opposite the queen’s bedroom. The emperor led the princes to watch in person. There are more than 20 pro-expensive ministers in the audience. Our seats are right next to them. There is nothing special about fireworks, only a string of lamps lit by artillery in series, which are soaring and dazzling, like many planets. The rest are just spray flowers, rain stars, tube explosions, rockets and so on. The first rocket was launched before the emperor arrived, and they said that he lit it himself. This rocket, like a sharp arrow off the bowstring, hit and ignited another fireworks 30 or 40 paces away. In this fireworks, a second rocket flew out, triggering a third fireworks and shooting a third rocket. Several fireworks are like a series of machines. The fireworks lasted for an hour.
Kangxi died in Changchun Garden.
Xuanye is a wise monarch, and he can handle a lot of difficult government affairs with ease, but the matter of abolishing the crown prince has caused him a lot of trouble and broken his heart, which seriously damaged his health. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (1717), on November 21st, Xuanye, who was seriously ill, summoned the princes, Manchu and Han university students, etc.Palace of Heavenly PurityDongnuange, issued a long and sincere message. He claims that he has been ill recently, his mind is in a trance, and his body is very tired. It is difficult to get up and walk without support. He also said that he is now seriously ill and forgetful, and he is very afraid of doing things right and wrong and doing something wrong. In 1957, Xuanye said that when he got up a little early, he "shook his hands and looked indecent, or his face suddenly changed when his heart beat." In April, 1958, he said that his "qi and blood are gradually declining, his spirit is gradually decreasing, he feels tired in doing things, and his writing hands are trembling". In the spring of 1961, I visited Jidian, and the provincial party asked the customs and inspected the officials and the people; In the summer, I toured the northern part of the Great Wall. After returning to Beijing at the end of September, I was busy with various government affairs. His hard work is running out.
On October 21, 61, Kangxi, Xuanye rushed to Nanyuan Hangwei again. Being tired for many days in a row, I feel even weaker, and it is the middle of winter, so I feel cold. On the seventh day of November, Xuanye returned to Changchun Garden to treat his illness. Traditionally, on the Winter Solstice Festival on November 15th, the emperor had to go to the southern suburbs to hold a ceremony to worship heaven. Because of illness, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of Emperor Yong, made sacrifices on his behalf and ordered him to fast in advance. On the 10th, 11th and 12th of this month, during his fast, Yin Zhen sent eunuchs and guards several times to greet his father’s illness, and Xuanye only replied casually: "I feel a little better." Late at night on the 12th, Xuanye’s condition deteriorated sharply. Just after midnight, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the Emperor, was summoned to the lent house, and he was ordered to return to Changchun Garden quickly. The Southern Suburb Sacrifice Code was reassigned to Wu Erzhan. At the same time, we also called Prince Yun Zhi of the Third Son of the Emperor, Wang Yun You of the Seventh Son of the Emperor, Baylor Yun You of the Eighth Son of the Emperor, Bei Zi Yun You of the Ninth Son of the Emperor, and Wang Yun of the Tenth Son of the Emperor. The twelve sons of Emperor Bei Zi Yun, the thirteen sons of Emperor Yun Xiang, and the minister of Li Fan Yuan Long Keduo all came to the side of the royal couch of Qingxi Bookstore and announced the heir to the throne, saying, "The four sons of Emperor are noble in character, and they are deeply humble, so they will be able to form a unified system, and I will be the emperor after them." At that time, the emperor’s five sons allowed Qi to pay homage to Xiao Dongling on the winter solstice and failed to listen to the testamentary edict impromptu. Because of their age and status, the fifteenth son of the Emperor allowed disaster, the sixteenth son of the Emperor allowed Lu, the seventeenth son of the Emperor allowed Li and the twentieth son of the Emperor allowed Yi to wait outside the bedroom, so they could not go in for training. At this time, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the Emperor, came from the den to greet him. Xuanye also reported his growing illness. Yin Zhen had to comfort the emperor’s father with tears in his eyes.
Xuanye’s life has come to an end. On the same day (13th) night, this generation of British master died in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden at the age of 69.
That night, under the strict guard of the emperors, the ministers of Li Fan Yuan, and the commander of Long Keduo, the emperor’s body was transported from Changchun Garden to Ganqing Palace in the Forbidden City, and later buried in the Qingling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. On November 20th, the Royal Hall of Supreme Harmony in Yin Zhen was crowned as the third emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs-Yong Zhengdi.
