CCTV News:Spring Festival travel rush is a long way home, from the green leather car to the "Fuxing" EMU, from "walking well" to "walking well". Behind the safe and stable operation of the train, it is inseparable from the hard work of many maintenance workers.

　　This is the largest passenger train maintenance base in Shandong Province, which undertakes the daily maintenance work of all the more than 1,600 ordinary-speed passenger cars and power-concentrated EMU cars in Shandong Province.

　　Every morning, the six tracks of the power centralized EMU maintenance base are full of trains waiting for "physical examination". The maintenance workers of Jinan Depot of Jinan Bureau of China Railway have to inspect and repair 48 cars of Fuxing power centralized EMU at the same time, and the scene is brightly lit and the maintenance lasts all night.

　　During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, the train runs at a high density, and the maintenance workers are busier than usual. Every day, there will be 32 passenger trains that have been overhauled from here to various stations, carrying home passengers to all parts of the country.

　　Shandong: A cross-sea ferry capable of loading trains.

　　Yantai-Bohai Ferry is the longest railway ferry in Asia, which integrates railway, port and shipping. During its stay in Spring Festival travel rush, it is expected to send 42,000 passengers, ferry 15,000 cars and transport 550,000 tons of railway materials.

　　Yanda Bohai Ferry starts from Lushun West Station in the north and reaches Yantai West Station in the south, with a sea transportation distance of about 99.79 nautical miles. Railway transportation by ferry is more than 1600 kilometers shorter than that around Shanhaiguan, which is the shortest route from Shandong to Northeast China.

　　China Railway Bohai No.3 Ferry has a total length of 182.6 meters and a width of 24.8 meters. The full-load displacement can reach 16,229 tons, and a single voyage can carry a 50-section freight train, 50 trucks, 25 cars and 716 passengers.

　　As the Spring Festival approaches, trains loaded with grain, coal, daily necessities and holiday materials "swim" on the north and south banks of Bohai Bay every day, becoming a unique sea scenery in Spring Festival travel rush, China. At present, Yantai-Bohai Ferry operates 3-to-6 voyages daily.

　　The number of arrivals in less populated cities has increased significantly today.

　　On the thermal map of Spring Festival travel rush on February 7th, the most popular cities haven’t changed much. According to the ticketing data of 12306, it is estimated that the number of arrivals in 48 cities will increase obviously on February 7th.

　　The number of arrivals in 48 cities including Aksu, Xuancheng, Jishou, Nanping, Baoding, Ningbo, Zhuzhou, Qujing, Chifeng and Qinhuangdao has not changed much in the past few days, but more people will arrive here on February 7, and most of them belong to cities with less population. The number of arrivals in Xuzhou, Ganzhou, Anqing, Bijie, Weinan and Zhangzhou in the past week has increased every day.

　　Beijing replaced Guangzhou as the most popular candidate city.

　　The popular route for applying for standby tickets changed on February 7, and Beijing replaced Guangzhou as the most popular departure city for applying for standby tickets. The waiting tickets from Beijing to Chaoyang, Chifeng, Harbin, Zhengzhou, Linfen, Xinyang and Anyang are the most tense, while the waiting tickets from Shanghai to Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Zhoukou, Shangqiu and other central cities are also tense.

　　As the year is approaching, remind the passengers that in addition to the direct ticket, you can also choose the transfer scheme of Railway 12306 and choose the combined ticket. According to the data, about one out of every seven travelers since Spring Festival travel rush has transferred to their hometown by combining tickets.

　　The return train tickets for the Spring Festival have been sold. Judging from the tickets sold by Railway 12306 at present, it has entered the peak period of everyone’s return from the third day of the New Year’s Eve, and the sixth day to the eighth day of the New Year’s Eve is the most intensive time period. Among them, the sixth day of the New Year’s Eve is the day when the return tickets are purchased the most.

　　"Reverse Spring Festival travel rush" has become a new trend, and the travel volume of the elderly has increased.

　　According to the analysis of China Unicom’s wisdom footprint on the age of travelers, "reverse Spring Festival travel rush" will become a new trend in 2024. The data shows that 20 years old — The number of 29-year-olds returning home decreased by 5.3% compared with the same period in 2023, while the number of people over 60 increased by nearly 30%.

　　More elderly people choose to go to their children’s workplace for reunion. Their origins are mainly concentrated in Sichuan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, while their main destinations are Beijing, Xi ‘an, Tianjin, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Changsha and other first-and second-tier central cities.

　　College students who live in popular tourist cities "go home at the wrong peak"

　　There have also been new changes in college students’ travel. Some college students who live in popular tourist cities choose to "go home at the wrong peak" in 2024.

　　Among the college students registered on Qunar.com, more than 30% choose to travel first and then go home. College students in Guangzhou, Harbin and other places gave their hometown to foreign tourists, and they chose to go to Chengdu, Changsha, Wuhan and other delicious and fun cities first.

　　The proportion of people who stick to their posts and don’t go home during the Spring Festival has increased

　　Compared with the data of the previous two years, many people choose not to go home during the Spring Festival, and stick to their posts and devote themselves to their work. After modeling and analyzing the cell phone signaling data around the Spring Festival in recent years, the joint team of Peking University and China Unicom Smart Footprint found that during the period of Spring Festival travel rush in 2024, the number of employees in more than 2,000 key industrial parks nationwide will increase by 5.8% compared with the same period in 2023.

　　Among them, the number of employees in food and furniture manufacturing industries increased the most obviously, reaching 6.6%. At the same time, the number of employees in automobile, electrical machinery and other equipment manufacturing industries has also increased by more than 6%.

　　Young people become the main force of car rental during the Spring Festival.

　　In the Spring Festival of 2024, more and more people choose to travel by car. According to the data of CAR Inc., young people, such as the "post-90s" and "post-00s", have become the main force of car rental during the Spring Festival, and the total booking volume accounts for nearly half of the total, paying more attention to experience and being keen on interaction.

　　Where are young people going to rent a car? From the perspective of car rental destinations, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Xi ‘an and Shanghai rank in the top five, and the order data shows that they mainly book cars in different places, which accounts for more than 60%.

　　Beijing, December 15 (Reporter Gao Yining) "Reform and opening up is the key choice to determine the fate of contemporary China, the source of vitality for the development and progress of contemporary China, an important magic weapon for the cause of the party and the people to catch up with the times in great strides, and the only way to persist in and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Hainan’s establishment of a provincial special economic zone.

　　The reform and opening-up has written a brand-new chapter of the times, achieved a magnificent legend of the East, and paved a road to the revival of China. The eight-episode large-scale political feature film The Only Way, which was jointly produced and filmed by the Central Propaganda Department, the Central Reform Office, the Central Party History and Literature Research Institute, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Administration of Radio and Television, Xinhua News Agency, the Central Radio and Television General Station and the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, was recently broadcast on CCTV. The film reviewed the 40 years of reform and opening up in a panoramic way, laying out a magnificent epic of the country and the nation with a moving story.

　　Once the political film "The Only Way" was broadcast, it triggered a ratings boom and heated discussion among the audience. The audience generally believe that this film is a rare and enlightening work of learning, thinking and education, with lofty ideas, grand themes, essence of historical materials, grand arguments and profound analysis.

　　Expert: Reform and opening up is the road to change.

　　"The political film" The Only Way "is relatively successful in all aspects. It can grasp people’s hearts and grasp the essence of China’s reform and opening up in the past 40 years. It expresses that reform and opening up is the fundamental way to determine China’s fate." As the "dramatist" and audience in the political commentary film The Only Way, Han Qingxiang, a former member of the Central Party School and a first-class professor, was deeply touched by the film.

　　"To commemorate the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, one of its essentials is to rethink and understand the reform and opening up itself." Han Qingxiang told reporters that 40 years ago, the "reform and opening up" we understood was a reform and opening up that broke through the "Soviet model" and "rigid dogma", a reform and opening up that fought our way out and pioneered a new road, a reform and opening up that liberated and developed the productive forces, and a reform and opening up that had the significance of the second revolution in China.

　　After 40 years of development, China has ushered in a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and then "getting strong". Han Qingxiang said that in the new historical position, what we see more is the "fundamental" significance of reform and opening up in determining the fate of China, that is, it is the "only way" and "fundamental way" to determine the fate of China.

　　"The only way" is to know and understand the reform and opening up from a higher position. The film reveals to us that reform and opening up is a revolutionary road to change, and it is a process that needs to constantly and continuously emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts and then get rid of rigidity. Its essential feature is change. "

　　Han Qingxiang believes that reform and opening up is an indomitable road of struggle. "For us, the implementation of reform and opening up, the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the construction of a socialist modernization power, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are actually in ‘ Climb an unexplored steep mountain ’ Take a step back and give up before the meeting, and you can climb to the top of the mountain with a thrilling jump. "

　　According to Tang Aijun, an associate professor at the School of Marxism of the Central Party School, the political film "The Only Way" explores "Where is the China Revolution going?" The enlightenment is to persist in road confidence. The Communist Party of China (CPC) found a correct "only way" to answer "Where is China going" in different periods, which is the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road.

　　Socialism makes an ancient China glow with vigor and vitality. The 40-year historical journey shows that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism. Guo Jianning, president of Peking University Marxist Institute, also believes that the greatest value and significance of celebrating 40 years of reform and opening up is that we should start from a new historical starting point and further persist in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

　　History is a mirror. During his inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Summarizing the experience and enlightenment of reform and opening up is not only the best celebration of 40 years of hard exploration and practice, but also provides a powerful impetus for promoting the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era."

　　In Guo Jianning’s view, it is the strong sense of history in The Only Way that brings profound thoughts to the audience. "No matter how far the road goes, you can’t forget the past; No matter how long the road is, you can’t forget why you started. The film combines history with reality and tradition with the new era, which brings a strong shock to people. "

　　"The charm of The Only Way lies in the combination of classics and storytelling." Guo Jianning was the first candidate who resumed the college entrance examination in 1977. From his own experience, this political film also made him feel more deeply that reform and opening up is a key measure to determine the fate of contemporary China, which has changed the fate of many people. "The only way" not only tells the moving story of reform and opening up, but also tells the thought of the supreme leader governing the country. The combination of the two makes the people understand it, and it is more impressive. "

　　Chief Director: It’s no exaggeration to describe the reform and opening up in grand language.

　　"There may be many ways for the world to discuss China’s success, but the evaluation is highly consistent in terms of the significance of China’s success." Xiao Zhensheng, the general director of the political film The Only Way, said in an exclusive interview with reporters that China’s 40 years of reform and opening up were 40 years of hard work, forge ahead, keep pace with the times and embrace the world under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

　　"Reform and opening up have changed China and affected the world. It is no exaggeration to describe her in any magnificent language. " Xiao Zhensheng said that some people call it the most important event since the 20th century, others call it the miracle of the East, and others say it is the heaviest historical chapter of the world socialist movement in the past 500 years. Since the industrial revolution, there has never been a country like China that brought nearly 1.4 billion people into middle-income countries in just 40 years, and it was not through colonization or war.

　　What kind of brand-new course has China embarked on as a "key choice" of reform and opening up? How does this "source of vitality" inspire a steady stream of power for 40 years? How does this "important magic weapon" push China to make a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and "getting strong"? Where did this "only way" come from and where will it take China? In Xiao Zhensheng’s view, in the celebration of 40 years of reform and opening up, as a national television station, we have the responsibility to give our answers to these questions of history and the times. This is the original intention of creating the political film The Only Way.

　　Xiao Zhensheng said, "The broadcast of this political feature film will further enhance people’s confidence and determination to carry out reform and opening up to the end under the guidance of the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era."

　　Audience: The people are the biggest beneficiaries of reform and opening up.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal." "Fully demonstrate the gold content of the reform plan and let the people have more sense of gain." The 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up, history is the best witness, and the people are the biggest beneficiaries.

　　"From the development of agriculture to the reform of state-owned enterprises, from the reform of economic system to the accession to the WTO and now to the manufacturing in China, I can see my blood boiling." Talking about the feeling of watching The Only Way, Yang Miaomiao, the bus driver, opened his mouth to reporters. "My parents are both born after 50. They have all experienced natural disasters for three years, and they have all tasted the taste of being hungry. They have saved money all their lives and often told me how to think hard. The great changes in people’s lives brought about by the reform and opening up described in the political commentary film are obvious to all. "

　　As a traffic person, Yang Miaomiao has paid special attention to the development of traffic in China since the reform and opening up. Yang Miaomiao said, "My hometown of Bengbu is ‘ The city pulled by the train ’ , is an important transportation hub in northern Anhui. I remember when I was a child, I went to Beijing and took a green leather train and crashed for a long time. After the reform and opening-up, T63 was opened, and the morning and evening dawned. Nowadays, taking a high-speed train to take a trip has long been the most popular way to travel. "

　　"The 40 years of reform and opening up are also 40 years of restoration and reconstruction of procuratorial organs." As a post-70 s, Guo Yanping, the head of the unchecked department of Jianghan District People’s Procuratorate in Wuhan, witnessed the changes brought about by the reform and opening up to the people, and also witnessed the innovative development of the procuratorial cause. "New era and new journey, as prosecutors, we will never forget our initial intentions, forge ahead and write a new chapter in procuratorial work."

　　For Vagrancy, a student of Wuhan University, the political film "The Only Way" is different from ordinary textbooks. It uses a large number of historical materials and cases, and uses the language of sound and pictures to review the development process since the reform and opening up.

　　"From women workers in textile mills to oil workers in oil fields, everyone of them is ‘ Oriental giant ’ I have dedicated my strength today. " Vagrancy mentioned to reporters that the story of two generations’ youthful blood for Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway made her feel the great change of China’s speed, and also reminded people that behind this, there is the hard work and sweat paid by the builders of the Republic.

　　Talking about the fact that reform and opening up have injected great power and vitality into the development of civil aviation industry, Cheng Xiaoyun from Anhui Air Traffic Control Branch of Civil Aviation told reporters that every development of civil aviation air traffic control system in the past 40 years has been a qualitative leap from initial visual flight to instrument flight, from program control to radar control, from single runway to double runway and multi-runway operation.

　　The 40 years of reform and opening-up are also the 40 years of all-round development of China’s manufacturing industry. As the leader of China’s construction machinery industry, Xugong Group has witnessed the development and expansion of China’s manufacturing industry with the growth of the Republic. According to Jiang Nan, secretary of the Party Committee of Xugong Import and Export Corporation, emancipating the mind to promote high-quality development, persisting in the road of internationalization and contributing a world-class brand from China to the world are the due contributions made by China manufacturing enterprises to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Sinochem, a state-owned enterprise with a history of nearly 70 years, is the builder, participant and beneficiary of China’s reform and opening up. Han Bing, vice president of Sinochem Energy Co., Ltd. believes that for state-owned enterprises, to build a world-class enterprise, it is necessary to further integrate into the trend of national reform and opening up and start a new long March of deepening reform.

　　Zhang Zhijuan, a propaganda member of Xiaguan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, also expressed his experience in watching "The Only Way". "Reform and opening up have witnessed the changes of the times and the reform process of the ecological relocation of Erhai Lake. It is our unshirkable responsibility to vigorously promote the concept of ecological civilization construction in the new era and protect the Erhai Lake. "

CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the red warning signal of Blizzard was released by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Meteorological Observatory at 07: 30 on November 6, 2023: within 6 hours, the snowfall will reach more than 15 mm in some areas in the east-southeast of Chifeng City, southwest of Tongliao City and west of central China, which may have a great impact on traffic or agriculture and animal husbandry. Please prepare for the relevant units and personnel.

Defense guide:

1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, do a good job in emergency and rescue work against snow disaster and freezing injury;

2. If necessary, suspend classes or business (except for special industries);

3. When necessary, the aircraft will be suspended from taking off and landing, the train will be suspended, and the expressway will be temporarily closed;

4. Do a good job in disaster relief work in pastoral areas.

In addition, the Meteorological Observatory of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region issued a yellow warning signal for road icing at 07: 11 on November 6, 2023: due to the impact of snowfall, it is expected that there may be road icing in the southeast of Alashan League, the east of Bayannaoer City, most of Baotou City, the north of Hohhot City, Wulanchabu City, most of Xilin Gol League, Chifeng City, Tongliao City and most of Xing ‘an League in the next 12 hours. Please prepare for the relevant units and personnel.

Defense guide:

1. Traffic, public security and other departments should prepare for road icing according to their duties;

2. Drivers should pay attention to road conditions and drive safely;

3. Pedestrians should ride bicycles as little as possible when going out, and pay attention to anti-skid.

Portulaca oleracea, a common wild vegetable, has been eaten in Chinese for a long time. At the same time, purslane is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the effects of clearing away heat and promoting diuresis, detoxifying and reducing swelling, and is a plant that can be used as medicine and food.

In modern nutrition, purslane is rich in dihydroxyethylamine, calcium, iron, phosphorus, carotene, vitamin C, selenium, Omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients. There are still some claims that purslane can prevent cancer.

Can purslane prevent cancer?

In January, 2020, the Journal of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine published a paper on cancer prevention of Portulaca oleracea L., taking mice as experimental objects, the paper established a model of lung metastasis of liver cancer in mice, and Portulaca oleracea L. formula granules were used as drugs.

The experimental results showed that the inhibition rate of high-dose Portulaca oleracea group was 54.15%, and that of low-dose Portulaca oleracea group was 30.72%. The results suggested that Portulaca oleracea could inhibit lung metastasis of liver cancer, and the experiment showed that Portulaca oleracea had certain influence on metabolism of mice.

This shows that Portulaca oleracea has a certain anti-cancer effect in animal research. However, we can’t think that eating Portulaca oleracea every day can prevent cancer. On the contrary, we need to know that the anticancer effect of Portulaca oleracea has been confirmed in animal research, which doesn’t mean that it has the same effect in human research. Animal experiments have limitations, and human experiments lack effective and rigorous case studies, so it is not advisable to eat Portulaca oleracea in large quantities for the purpose of preventing cancer.

Portulaca oleracea has many wonderful uses.

Although the anti-cancer effect of purslane on people is not clear, eating purslane still has many benefits.

According to Compendium of Materia Medica, purslane has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, attacking blood and reducing swelling. Portulaca oleracea also contains potassium salt, which has the effects of lowering blood pressure, slowing heart rate and protecting the heart.

In addition, Portulaca oleracea has a strong inhibitory effect on Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria, so it is also known as "natural antibiotic".

Eating purslane is particular,

These taboos can’t be touched

Although eating purslane has many benefits, some people are not suitable for eating it. For example, pregnant women, purslane cold, has obvious stimulation to the uterus, and will also accelerate the frequency of contractions. Pregnant women may have the risk of premature delivery and abortion when eating purslane, so pregnant women should not eat purslane.

People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold had better not eat or eat more. Portulaca oleracea is cold, and people with deficiency of spleen and stomach will aggravate the cold, especially those with diarrhea. It is best not to eat Portulaca oleracea to avoid aggravating diarrhea.

In addition, purslane should not be eaten with turtle shell as much as possible. It is recorded in the Classic of Materia Medica that the horse’s teeth can’t be mixed with turtle shell, which is a traditional Chinese medicine blindly and conflicts with purslane in terms of medicinal properties. Therefore, when eating purslane, don’t drink Chinese medicine with turtle shell at the same time, and it is best not to eat it with turtle meat at the same time.

Portulaca oleracea practice sharing

After talking about the benefits and precautions of purslane, let’s share some practices of purslane with you.

Portulaca oleracea

In hot summer, it is most suitable for cold salad. Because purslane is rich in oxalic acid, it can be blanched in boiling water for half a minute to one minute before cooking, and oxalic acid and other organic acids can be separated out to reduce the sour taste caused by oxalic acid.

After blanching, you can add salt, minced garlic, soy sauce, sesame oil or your favorite seasoning and mix well. Those who like peppers can put a little pepper, which is more appetizing and refreshing.

Purslane porridge

Put a proper amount of japonica rice in a pot, add clear water and bring it to a boil. After boiling, turn to low heat and cook for 30 minutes until the porridge becomes thicker. Wash the purslane with clear water and cut it into sections, then put it in the porridge and cook for 5 to 10 minutes. Then add salt and mix well to turn off the heat.

It is best to cook porridge in casserole. The porridge cooked in casserole is better than the porridge cooked in ordinary pot. If it is too troublesome to cook porridge, you can cook it in an electric rice cooker or other appliances that can be used to cook porridge, and add purslane in the middle.

Stir-fried purslane

Wash Portulaca oleracea in clean water, blanch it in boiling water for 5 minutes, then take it out and drain it, put a proper amount of oil in the wok, add minced garlic and stir-fry until fragrant, add bean paste and soy sauce, pour the processed Portulaca oleracea into the wok and stir-fry it evenly, and add a little salt before taking it out.

In a word, Portulaca oleracea has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, cooling blood and reducing swelling, but its anticancer effect is still in the exploratory stage, and it is not suitable for long-term or large-scale eating because of its cold nature, and it is not suitable for people with spleen and stomach deficiency and pregnant women.

References:

[1]. Metabonomics analysis of Portulaca oleracea L. regulating lung metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in nude mice. Journal of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020,2 (1): 62-69.

[2]. Natural antibiotic-purslane. People’s Daily. 2019-8-2.

[3]. The medicinal value of purslane recommended by Chinese medicine is called "natural antibiotic". Yangzi Evening News .2009-6-1.

Read the original text

　　 Core reading guide

　　 On May 22nd, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the Statistical Bulletin on the Development of Health and Wellness in China in 2018. According to the Bulletin, the average life expectancy of Chinese residents has increased from 76.7 years in 2017 to 77 years in 2018, the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 19.6/100,000 to 18.3/100,000, and the infant mortality rate has dropped from 6.8‰ Down to 6.1‰ .

　　 According to the Bulletin, in 2018, the total number of outpatients nationwide increased by 130 million person-times or 1.6% over the previous year. The average number of visits by residents increased from 5.9 in 2017 to 6.0. The total number of hospitalizations nationwide increased by 4.2% over the previous year. The annual hospitalization rate increased from 17.6% in 2017 to 18.2%. The number of beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population increased from 5.72 in 2017 to 6.03. By the end of 2018, the total number of medical and health institutions nationwide reached 997,434, an increase of 10,785 over the previous year. In addition, in 2018, private hospitals accounted for 63.5% of the total number of hospitals, an increase of 3.1 percentage points over the previous year. The proportion of outpatients and inpatients in private hospitals increased from 14.2% and 17.6% in 2017 to 14.8% and 18.3% respectively. By the end of 2018, the total number of health workers in the country reached 12.3 million, an increase of 551,000 (an increase of 4.7%) over the previous year.

　　 It is worth noting that in 2018, the outpatient service of township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) increased by 2.1% compared with the previous year, accounting for 23.1% of the total outpatient service in the country. By the end of 2018, there were 622,000 village clinics in 542,000 administrative villages nationwide. The number of village clinics reached 1.441 million, with an average of 2.32 per village clinic. At the same time, the average cost increase of public hospitals has been controlled within 4% for three consecutive years. In 2018, the average outpatient expenses and per capita hospitalization expenses of public hospitals increased by 3.7% and 2.2% respectively over the previous year, which was lower than the average increase of 1.0 percentage points and 0.2 percentage points of hospitals, and lower than the increase of per capita disposable income of urban residents (5.6%) and per capita net income of rural residents (6.6%) in 2018.

　　 According to preliminary calculations, the proportion of personal health expenditure in the total health expenditure in 2018 decreased by 0.04 percentage points compared with the previous year, and the proportion of total health expenditure in GDP increased by 0.03 percentage points compared with 2017. In terms of health manpower structure, at the end of 2018, there were 2.59 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.94 registered nurses per 1,000 population, an increase of 0.15 and 0.20 respectively over the previous year. The educational level of health technicians has been further improved, accounting for 36.5% of the total, up 2.5 percentage points over the previous year; Senior technical positions (employment) accounted for 8.1%, an increase of 0.3 percentage points over the previous year.

　　 According to the Bulletin, the population born in 2018 was 15.23 million, and the proportion of two children remained at around 50%.

　　 The full text of the document is as follows:

　　 2018 is the first year to fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The national health system resolutely implements the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, makes every effort to promote the construction of a healthy China, continues to deepen the reform of the medical and health system, continuously enhances the capabilities of disease prevention and control and medical services, steadily advances the work of population development, maternal and child health and healthy aging, strengthens the service of traditional Chinese medicine, continuously improves the comprehensive supervision level, and continuously improves the health level of urban and rural residents. The average life expectancy of residents has increased from 76.7 years in 2017 to 77.0 years in 2018, the maternal mortality rate has decreased from 19.6/100,000 to 18.3/100,000, and the infant mortality rate has decreased from 6.8‰ Down to 6.1‰ .

　　 01

　　 I. Health resources

　　 (1) The total number of medical and health institutions. By the end of 2018, the total number of medical and health institutions nationwide reached 997,434, an increase of 10,785 over the previous year. Among them, there are 33,009 hospitals, 943,639 primary medical and health institutions and 18,034 professional public health institutions. Compared with the previous year, there were 1,953 hospitals, 10,615 primary medical and health institutions and 1,862 professional public health institutions.

　　 Among hospitals, there are 12,032 public hospitals and 20,977 private hospitals. Hospitals are classified into 2,548 tertiary hospitals (including 1,442 tertiary hospitals), 9,017 secondary hospitals, 10,831 first-class hospitals and 10,613 unrated hospitals. According to the number of beds, there are 20054 hospitals with less than 100 beds, 4786 hospitals with 100-199 beds, 4437 hospitals with 200-499 beds, 1858 hospitals with 500-799 beds and 1874 hospitals with 800 beds or more.

　　 Among the primary medical and health institutions, there are 34,997 community health service centers (stations), 36,461 township health centers, 228,019 clinics and clinics and 622,001 village clinics. The government runs 121,918 primary medical and health institutions.

　　 Among professional public health institutions, there are 3,443 centers for disease prevention and control, including 31 at the provincial level, 417 at the city (prefecture) level and 2,758 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 2949 health supervision institutions, including 29 at the provincial level, 392 at the city (prefecture) level and 2515 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 3080 maternal and child health care institutions, including 26 at the provincial level, 381 at the city (prefecture) level and 2571 at the county (district, county-level city) level.

　　 (2) Number of beds. By the end of 2018, there were 8.404 million beds in medical and health institutions nationwide, including 6.52 million beds in hospitals (accounting for 77.6%) and 1.584 million beds in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 18.8%). In hospitals, public hospital beds account for 73.7% and private hospital beds account for 26.3%. Compared with the previous year, the number of beds increased by 464,000, including 399,000 beds in hospitals and 55,000 beds in primary medical and health institutions. The number of beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population increased from 5.72 in 2017 to 6.03 in 2018.

　　 (3) Total number of health personnel. By the end of 2018, the total number of health workers in the country reached 12.3 million, an increase of 551,000 (an increase of 4.7%) over the previous year.

　　 At the end of 2018, among the total number of health workers, there were 9.529 million health technicians, 907,000 rural doctors and health workers, 477,000 other technicians, 529,000 managers and 858,000 workers and technicians. Among the health technicians, there are 3.607 million licensed (assistant) doctors and 4.099 million registered nurses. Compared with the previous year, the number of health technicians increased by 541,000 (an increase of 6.0%) (see Table 2).

　　 By the end of 2018, there were 7.375 million people in hospitals (accounting for 60.0%), 3.965 million people in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 32.2%) and 883,000 people in professional public health institutions (accounting for 7.2%) (see Table 3).

　　 At the end of 2018, the academic structure of health technicians: undergraduate and above accounted for 34.6%, junior college accounted for 37.8%, technical secondary school accounted for 22.3%, and high school and below accounted for 5.4%; Technical post (employment) structure: senior (director and deputy director level) accounts for 8.0%, intermediate (attending and supervisor) accounts for 19.9%, junior (division and bachelor level) accounts for 61.1%, and pending employment accounts for 10.9%.

　　 In 2018, there were 2.59 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.94 registered nurses per 1,000 population; There are 2.22 general practitioners per 10,000 population and 6.34 professional public health institutions per 10,000 population.

　　 Note: The number of health workers and health technicians, including civil servants, who have obtained the "certificate of health supervisor". The following table is the same.

　　 (4) Total health expenditure. In 2018, the total national health expenditure is estimated to reach 5,799.83 billion yuan, including 1,639.07 billion yuan (accounting for 28.3%) for government health, 2,494.47 billion yuan (accounting for 4.3%) for social health and 1,666.29 billion yuan (accounting for 28.7%) for personal health. The per capita total health expenditure is 4,148.1 yuan, and the total health expenditure accounts for 6.4% of GDP (see Table 4).

　　 02

　　 Second, medical services

　　 (1) Outpatient service and hospitalization. In 2018, the total number of medical consultations in medical and health institutions nationwide reached 8.31 billion, an increase of 130 million (1.6%) over the previous year. In 2018, residents visited medical and health institutions for an average of 6.0 times.

　　 In 2018, there were 3.58 billion person-times in hospitals (accounting for 43.1%), 4.41 billion person-times in primary health care institutions (accounting for 53.1%) and 320 million person-times in other medical institutions (accounting for 3.9%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital visits increased by 140 million, and the number of primary medical and health institutions decreased by 20 million.

　　 In 2018, there were 3.05 billion person-times in public hospitals (accounting for 85.2% of the total number of hospitals) and 530 million person-times in private hospitals (accounting for 14.8% of the total number of hospitals) (see Table 5).

　　 In 2018, the number of outpatients in township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) reached 1.92 billion, an increase of 40 million over the previous year. Outpatients in township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) accounted for 23.1% of the total outpatient service, and the proportion increased by 0.1 percentage points over the previous year.

　　 In 2018, there were 254.53 million people admitted to medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 10.17 million people (up 4.2%) over the previous year, and the annual hospitalization rate was 18.2%.

　　 In 2018, there were 200.17 million people in hospitals (accounting for 78.6%), 43.75 million people in primary health care institutions (accounting for 17.2%) and 10.61 million people in other medical institutions (accounting for 4.2%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital admissions increased by 10.17 million, the number of primary medical and health institutions decreased by 750,000, and the number of other medical institutions decreased by 100,000.

　　 In 2018, there were 163.51 million people admitted to public hospitals (accounting for 81.7% of the total number of hospitals) and 36.66 million people admitted to private hospitals (accounting for 18.3% of the total number of hospitals) (see Table 5).

　　 (2) The workload of hospital doctors. In 2018, hospital doctors were responsible for 7.0 person-times of medical treatment and 2.5 bed days of hospitalization, among which, doctors in public hospitals were responsible for 7.5 person-times of medical treatment and 2.6 bed days of hospitalization. The average daily workload of hospital doctors decreased slightly compared with the previous year (see Table 6).

　　 (3) use of hospital beds. In 2018, the utilization rate of hospital beds in China was 84.2%, including 91.1% in public hospitals. Compared with the previous year, the utilization rate of hospital beds decreased by 0.8 percentage points (including 0.2 percentage points in public hospitals). In 2018, the average length of stay of hospital discharged patients was 9.3 days (including 9.3 days in public hospitals), and the average length of stay of hospital discharged patients was the same as that of the previous year (see Table 7).

　　 (4) improving medical services. By the end of 2018, among secondary and above public hospitals, 45.4% had made appointment for diagnosis and treatment, 90.8% had carried out clinical pathway management, 52.9% had carried out telemedicine services, 85.8% had participated in mutual recognition of examination results at the same level, and 70.9% had carried out quality nursing services.

　　 (5) blood security. In 2018, the number of unpaid blood donors reached 14.99 million, and the amount of blood collected reached 25.695 million units, up by 2.8% and 3.7% respectively compared with 2017. The blood donation rate of thousands of people was close to 11.2.

　　 03

　　 Third, primary health services

　　 (1) Rural health. By the end of 2018, there were 15,474 county-level hospitals, 1,907 county-level maternal and child health care institutions, 2,090 county-level centers for disease control and prevention, and 1,822 county-level health supervision institutions in 1,827 counties (county-level cities) across the country, and there were 3.039 million health workers in the four types of county-level health institutions.

　　 By the end of 2018, there were 36,000 township hospitals in 31,600 townships nationwide, with 1.334 million beds and 1.391 million health workers (including 1.181 million health technicians). Compared with the previous year, the number of township hospitals decreased by 90 (after the merger of towns and villages), the number of beds increased by 42,000, and the number of personnel increased by 31,000. In 2018, there were 1.39 beds in township hospitals per 1,000 rural population and 1.45 people in township hospitals per 1,000 rural population (see Table 8).

　　 By the end of 2018, there were 622,000 village clinics in 542,000 administrative villages nationwide. There are 1.441 million village clinics, including 381,000 licensed (assistant) doctors, 153,000 registered nurses, and 907,000 rural doctors and health workers. The average number of clinic staff in each village is 2.32. Compared with the previous year, the number of village clinics decreased by 10,000, and the total number of staff decreased (see Table 9).

　　 Note: The number of licensed (assistant) doctors and registered nurses in village clinics includes the number of township hospitals.

　　 In 2018, the number of hospital visits at county level (including county-level cities) reached 1.19 billion, an increase of 50 million over the previous year; The number of people admitted to the hospital was 87.446 million, an increase of 3.804 million over the previous year; The utilization rate of hospital beds was 81.7%, down 0.3 percentage points from the previous year.

　　 In 2018, the number of medical consultations in township hospitals was 1.12 billion, an increase of 0.1 billion over the previous year; The number of people admitted to the hospital was 39.84 million, a decrease of 630,000 over the previous year. In 2018, doctors were responsible for 9.3 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 1.6 bed days of hospitalization. The utilization rate of hospital beds was 59.6%, and the average hospitalization days of discharged patients were 6.4 days. Compared with the previous year, the workload of doctors in township hospitals decreased slightly, the utilization rate of hospital beds decreased by 1.7 percentage points, and the average length of stay was extended by 0.1 days compared with the previous year.

　　 In 2018, the amount of medical treatment in village clinics reached 1.67 billion person-times, a decrease of 120 million person-times compared with the previous year, with an average annual medical treatment of 2,685 person-times in each village clinic.

　　 (2) Community health. By the end of 2018, there were 34,997 community health service centers (stations) in China, including 9,352 community health service centers and 25,645 community health service stations. Compared with last year, there were 205 community health service centers and 140 community health service stations. There are 462,000 people in community health service centers, with an average of 49 people in each center; There are 120,000 people in community health service stations, with an average of 5 people per station. The number of staff in community health service centers (stations) increased by 28,000 over the previous year, with an increase of 5.1%.

　　 In 2018, there were 640 million medical consultations and 3.395 million hospitalizations in the national community health service centers, an increase over the previous year; On average, each center has an annual treatment volume of 68,000 person-times and an annual admission volume of 363 people. Doctors are responsible for 16.1 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 0.6 days of hospitalization. In 2018, there were 160 million medical consultations in community health service stations nationwide, with an average of 6,244 medical consultations per station, and 13.7 medical consultations per doctor per day (see Table 10).

　　 (3) National basic public health service projects. The per capita subsidy standard for national basic public health service projects increased from 52.6 yuan in 2017 to 57.6 yuan in 2018. Health literacy promotion and free provision of contraceptives were included in national basic public health service projects, and the project content was expanded from 12 categories to 14 categories.

　　 04

　　 Fourth, Chinese medicine services

　　 (a) institutions of traditional Chinese medicine, beds and personnel. By the end of 2018, the total number of Chinese medicine medical and health institutions nationwide reached 60,738, an increase of 6,495 over the previous year. Among them, there are 4,939 Chinese medicine hospitals, 55,757 Chinese medicine clinics and 42 Chinese medicine research institutions. Compared with the previous year, the number of Chinese medicine hospitals increased by 373, and the number of Chinese medicine clinics and clinics increased by 6,125 (see Table 11).

　　 Note: Clinical departments of traditional Chinese medicine include various specialties of traditional Chinese medicine, integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine and ethnic medicine.

　　 At the end of 2018, there were 1.234 million beds in Chinese medicine medical and health institutions nationwide, including 1.022 million beds in Chinese medicine hospitals (82.8%). Compared with the previous year, there were 99,000 beds in Chinese medicine, including 70,000 beds in Chinese medicine hospitals.

　　 By the end of 2018, community health service centers providing Chinese medicine services accounted for 98.5% of similar institutions, community health service stations accounted for 87.2%, township hospitals accounted for 97.0%, and village clinics accounted for 69.0% (see Table 12).

　　 At the end of 2018, the total number of Chinese medicine health personnel nationwide reached 715,000, an increase of 51,000 (an increase of 7.7%) over the previous year. Among them, there are 575,000 licensed (assistant) physicians and 124,000 Chinese pharmacists. The two types of personnel have increased compared with the previous year (see Table 13).

　　 (2) Chinese medicine medical services. In 2018, the total number of medical consultations in Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide reached 1.07 billion, an increase of 50 million (5.2%) over the previous year. Among them, there were 630 million person-times in TCM hospitals (accounting for 58.8%), 180 million person-times in TCM outpatient departments and clinics (accounting for 16.6%), and 260 million person-times in TCM clinical departments of other medical institutions (accounting for 24.5%).

　　 In 2018, there were 35.847 million people discharged from Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 2.937 million (8.9%) over the previous year. Among them, there are 30.41 million Chinese medicine hospitals (accounting for 84.8%), 7,000 Chinese medicine clinics and 5.429 million Chinese medicine clinical departments in other medical and health institutions (accounting for 15.1%) (see Table 14).

　　 V. Medical expenses of patients

　　 (1) Medical expenses of hospital patients. In 2018, the average outpatient cost of the hospital was 274.1 yuan, which was 6.7% higher than that of the previous year and 4.5% higher than the comparable price. The per capita hospitalization expense is 9291.9 yuan, which is 4.5% higher than that of the previous year and 2.4% higher than that of the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 1002.8 yuan (see Table 15).

　　 In 2018, the average outpatient drug cost (112.0 yuan) accounted for 40.9%, down 1.8 percentage points from the previous year (42.7%); The per capita hospitalization expenses (2621.6 yuan) accounted for 28.2%, which was 2.9 percentage points lower than the previous year (31.1%).

　　 In 2018, among public hospitals at all levels, the average outpatient expenses of tertiary hospitals increased by 5.2% (the current price, the same below), and the per capita hospitalization expenses increased by 1.7%, which was lower than the increase in patient expenses of public hospitals (see Table 15).

　　 (2) Medical expenses of patients in primary medical and health institutions. In 2018, the average outpatient cost of community health service centers was 132.3 yuan, up 13.1% from the previous year and 10.8% from comparable prices. The per capita hospitalization expense is 3,194.0 yuan, which is 4.4% higher than that of the previous year and 2.3% higher than the comparable price (see Table 16).

　　 In 2018, the average outpatient drug cost of community health service centers (90.5 yuan) accounted for 68.4%, down 0.3 percentage points from the previous year (68.7%); The per capita hospitalization expenses (1,169.6 yuan) accounted for 36.6%, which was 2.9 percentage points lower than the previous year (39.5%).

　　 In 2018, the average outpatient fee of township health centers was 71.5 yuan, which was 7.5% higher than that of the previous year and 5.3% higher than the comparable price. The per capita hospitalization expense is 1,834.2 yuan, which is 6.8% higher than that of the previous year and 4.6% higher than the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 285.3 yuan.

　　 In 2018, the average outpatient drug cost of township hospitals (39.3 yuan) accounted for 55.0%, up 0.6 percentage points from the previous year (54.4%); The per capita hospitalization expenses (730.7 yuan) accounted for 39.8%, which was 2.4 percentage points lower than the previous year (42.2%).

　　 06

　　 VI. Disease Control and Public Health

　　 (a) reported incidence and death of infectious diseases. In 2018, 3.063 million cases of Class A and B infectious diseases were reported and 23,174 people died. The top five reported cases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, bacterial and amebic dysentery, accounting for 92.2% of the total reported cases of Class A and B infectious diseases. The top five reported deaths are AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, rabies and Japanese encephalitis, accounting for 99.3% of the total reported deaths of Class A and B infectious diseases (see Table 17).

　　 In 2018, the reported incidence rate of Class A and B infectious diseases in China was 2.20.5/100,000, and the mortality rate was 1.7/100,000.

　　 In 2018, except for filariasis, there were no reported cases of morbidity and mortality of Class C infectious diseases in China, and the other 10 diseases reported a total of 4.708 million cases and 203 deaths. The top five reported cases were hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, influenza, mumps and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 99.8% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases. The diseases that reported more deaths were influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease and other infectious diarrhea in turn, accounting for 100% of the total reported deaths of Class C infectious diseases (see Table 18).

　　 In 2018, the reported incidence rate of Class C infectious diseases in China was 3.38.9/100,000, and the mortality rate was 0.0146/100,000.

　　 (2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis. By the end of 2018, there were 450 schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China; The number of counties (cities, districts) that have achieved elimination, transmission blocking and transmission control is 263, 124 and 63 respectively; At the end of the year, there were 29,329 patients with advanced schistosomiasis, 78 fewer than the previous year.

　　 (3) prevention and control of endemic diseases. By the end of 2018, there were 330 counties with Keshan disease in the country, with 238 eliminated and 73 controlled counties respectively, and there were 6600 patients. There are 379 counties with Kaschin-Beck disease, 346 counties have been eliminated and 21 counties have been controlled, with 177,000 patients. There are 2,829 counties harmed by iodine deficiency and 2,337 counties eliminated. There are 1049 endemic fluorosis (drinking water type) counties, 668 control counties, 80011 endemic villages, 13.333 million patients with dental fluorosis and 135,900 patients with skeletal fluorosis. There are 171 endemic fluorosis (coal-burning pollution) counties, 156 controlled counties, 13.776 million patients with dental fluorosis and 92,200 patients with skeletal fluorosis.

　　 (4) Prevention and control of occupational diseases. By the end of 2018, there were 2,754 occupational health inspection institutions and 478 occupational disease diagnosis institutions nationwide. In 2018, a total of 23,497 new cases of various occupational diseases, 19,524 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (including 19,468 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis), 1,528 cases of occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases, 1,333 cases of occupational chemical poisoning, 540 cases of occupational infectious diseases, 331 cases of occupational diseases caused by physical factors, 77 cases of occupational tumors, 93 cases of occupational skin diseases, 47 cases of occupational eye diseases and 17 cases of radiation-induced diseases were reported. As of 2018, the publicity week of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases has been organized for 16 consecutive years, and the occupational health training project has been implemented. In the past 10 years, 4.3 million person-times of corporate leaders and occupational health managers have been trained.

　　 07

　　 Seven, maternal and child health and healthy aging

　　 (1) Maternal and child health care. In 2018, the prenatal check-up rate of pregnant women was 96.6%, and the postpartum visit rate was 93.8%. Compared with the previous year, the rate of prenatal examination has increased and the rate of postpartum visit has decreased (see Table 19). In 2018, the hospital delivery rate was 99.9% (100.0% in the city and 99.8% in the county), which was the same as the previous year.

　　 In 2018, the systematic management rate of children under 3 years old reached 91.2%, an increase of 0.1 percentage points over the previous year; The systematic management rate of pregnant and lying-in women reached 89.9%, an increase of 0.3 percentage points over the previous year (see Table 19).

　　 (2) Mortality rate of children under 5 years old. According to maternal and child health monitoring, in 2018, the mortality rate of children under 5 years old was 8.4‰ , in which: City 4.4‰ Rural 10.2‰ ; Infant mortality rate is 6.1‰ , in which: City 3.6‰ Rural 7.3‰ . Compared with the previous year, the mortality rate of children under 5 years old and the infant mortality rate have decreased in different degrees (see Table 20).

　　 (3) Maternal mortality rate. According to maternal and child health monitoring, in 2018, the maternal mortality rate was 18.3/100,000, including 15.5/100,000 in cities and 19.9/100,000 in rural areas. Compared with the previous year, the maternal mortality rate has decreased (see table 20).

　　 (4) National free pre-pregnancy eugenics program. All counties (cities, districts) in China generally carry out free pre-pregnancy eugenics health check-ups, and provide free pre-pregnancy eugenics services such as health education, health check-ups, risk assessment, consultation and guidance for rural planned pregnant couples. In 2018, a total of 11.31 million couples with planned pregnancy were provided with free check-ups, and the average coverage rate of the target population reached 88.4%. All the screened risk groups received targeted counseling and treatment referral services, and pre-pregnancy preventive measures were implemented, effectively reducing the risk of birth defects.

　　 (5) Promoting the combination of health services and medical care for the elderly. In 2018, there were 6 national clinical medical research centers for geriatrics, 1,519 medical and health institutions with geriatrics, and 276 medical and health institutions with hospice care (hospice care). The elderly over 65 accounted for 29.2% of the total number of inpatients. The 13th Five-Year Plan for Healthy Ageing was successfully implemented. Piloting the combination of medical care and nursing care in 90 cities. Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the second batch of smart and healthy old-age application demonstration work was carried out, and 26 demonstration enterprises, 48 demonstration streets (towns) and 10 demonstration bases were identified.

　　 08

　　 Eight, food safety and health supervision

　　 (1) Food safety risk monitoring. According to the reports of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Construction Corps (the same below), by the end of 2018, there were 2,822 food safety risk monitoring points nationwide to monitor chemical pollutants and harmful factors in 135,000 samples of 26 categories; Monitoring points were set up in 62914 medical and health institutions to carry out food-borne disease monitoring.

　　 (2) Health supervision in public places. In 2018, there were 1.232 million supervised units in public places nationwide, with 6.752 million employees. 1.735 million times of supervision and inspection were conducted in public places, and 82,000 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　 (3) Sanitary supervision of drinking water. In 2018, there were 80,000 supervised units for drinking water sanitation (water supply) nationwide, and 445,000 people were directly engaged in water supply and management. Supervision and inspection of drinking water hygiene (water supply) was carried out for 134,000 times. There are 5,345 supervised units involving drinking water hygiene and safety products in China, with 114,000 employees. 6,470 households were supervised and inspected for products related to drinking water hygiene and safety. 4,244 cases of drinking water and drinking water safety products were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　 (four) disinfection products and tableware centralized disinfection hygiene supervision. In 2018, there were 5,894 supervised units in disinfection products, with 87,500 employees. Disinfection products has supervised and inspected 33,900 times, and sampled 4,037 pieces, with a qualified rate of 96.6%. 1,933 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. In 2018, there were 4,262 centralized disinfection service units for tableware and drinking utensils nationwide, with 44,000 employees. 9,754 households were supervised and inspected, and 1,298 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　 (5) School health supervision. In 2018, there were 197,000 supervised schools nationwide, with 272,000 supervision and inspections and 4,854 cases investigated.

　　 (6) Occupational health and radiological health supervision of medical institutions. By the end of 2018, 3,392 households were actually supervised by occupational health, with a supervision coverage rate of 78.4%, and 5,616 households were regularly supervised. 136 occupational health cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. There were 53,000 actual radiation hygiene supervisors, with a supervision coverage rate of 86.0%, and 82,000 regular inspections were conducted. 6,159 radiation health cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　 (seven) health supervision of medical and health care, blood safety and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In 2018, 28,800 health administrative penalties were imposed on medical institutions or medical personnel according to law. Administrative punishment for practicing medicine without a license was 19,200. 122 administrative penalties were imposed on blood collection and supply institutions according to law. 53,000 cases of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases were investigated and dealt with according to law, including 53,000 cases of health administrative punishment.

　　 (8) family planning supervision. In 2018, there were 20,200 family planning supervised units, 23,800 family planning supervision and inspections, and 1,026 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　 09

　　 IX. Population and family development

　　 (a) the universal two-child policy steady implementation. In 2018, the birth population was 15.23 million, and the proportion of two children remained at around 50%, and the sex ratio continued to decline steadily. Maternal and child health services have been actively promoted, the whole-course maternity service has been strengthened, and the construction of maternal and child facilities has been solidly promoted. The allocation rate of public places that should be equipped with maternal and child facilities has reached 88.3%, and the phased goals have been successfully completed. Relevant departments have been coordinated to promote the matching of relevant economic and social policies such as nursery, preschool education, employment, housing and taxation with the birth policy.

　　 (2) The reform of family planning service management was deepened. All localities actively promote the interconnection of family planning information, and carry out online registration, "multi-certificate integration", one-time registration and full-service service. The online birth registration rate exceeds 90%, achieving "running at most once". Carry out dynamic monitoring and investigation of floating population and actively promote the equalization of basic public health and family planning services for floating population.

　　 (three) family planning incentives and support policies. In 2018, a total of 19.01 billion yuan was invested in the "three systems" of family planning incentives and assistance, an increase of 3.16 billion yuan over the previous year; The special support system for family planning benefited 1.247 million people, and the project of "having fewer children and getting rich quickly" in the western region benefited 19 thousand households.

　　 Note: The total number of people assisted does not include those who have fewer children and get rich quickly, and the number of people assisted with fewer children and get rich quickly is 10,000; Special assistance is given to families who only count the disabled and dead children of their only child.

　　 Notes:

　　 (1) Medical and health institutions include hospitals, primary medical and health institutions, professional public health institutions and other institutions.

　　 (2) Public hospitals refer to hospitals whose economic types are state-owned and collectively run (including government-run hospitals).

　　 (3) Private hospitals refer to hospitals other than public hospitals, including joint ventures, joint-stock cooperation, private hospitals, hospitals invested by Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and foreign countries.

　　 (4) Primary medical and health institutions include community health service centers (stations), street hospitals, township hospitals, village clinics, outpatient departments and clinics (infirmary).

　　 (5) Professional public health institutions include centers for disease prevention and control, specialized disease prevention and control institutions, maternal and child health care institutions, health education institutions, emergency centers (stations), blood collection and supply institutions, health and family planning supervision institutions, and family planning technical service institutions.

　　 (6) government-run medical and health institutions refer to medical and health institutions organized by administrative departments such as health, education, civil affairs, public security, justice, and corps.

　　 (7) Medical and health institutions of traditional Chinese medicine include hospitals, outpatient departments, clinics and scientific research institutions of traditional Chinese medicine, integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine and ethnic medicine.

　　 (8) Health personnel include health technicians, rural doctors and health workers, other technical personnel, management personnel and workers and technicians. According to the statistics of the number of employees on the job, including those who are in the process of preparation, contract system, re-employment and temporary employment for more than half a year.

　　 (9) Health technicians include practicing (assistant) doctors, registered nurses, pharmacists (doctors), technicians (doctors), health and family planning supervisors (including the number of civil servants who have obtained the certificate of health supervisor) and other health technicians.

　　 (10) A practicing (assistant) physician refers to a person who has obtained a doctor’s practicing certificate and is actually engaged in clinical work, excluding a person who has obtained a doctor’s practicing certificate but is actually engaged in management work.

　　 (11) Registered nurses refer to those who have obtained the certificate of registered nurses and are actually engaged in nursing work, excluding those who have obtained the certificate of practicing nurses but are actually engaged in management work.

　　 (12) The number of health technicians, practicing (assistant) doctors, registered nurses, general practitioners, professional public health institutions and beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population is calculated according to the permanent population.

　　 (13) Life expectancy per capita refers to the average number of years that a new group of people can live if the mortality rate of each age group remains unchanged. The data calculation is based on the life registration data of the National Health and Wellness Commission and the census data of the National Bureau of Statistics.

　　Highlighting the mission of state-owned central enterprises in poverty alleviation

　　The State Council SASAC Party Committee

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has issued a great call to the whole Party to resolutely win the fight against poverty, and personally organized and implemented the largest and strongest fight against poverty in human history. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly instructed state-owned enterprises to play an important role in tackling poverty, emphasizing that "state-owned enterprises should undertake more poverty alleviation and development tasks" and "central enterprises undertaking designated poverty alleviation tasks should take assistance as a political responsibility and cannot be vague at all". The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and the central enterprises resolutely implement the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, regard helping to fight poverty as a major political task, and devote all their efforts to fighting poverty with the responsibility of being a big country. Over the past eight years, all the 248 key poverty alleviation and development counties designated by state-owned central enterprises have been lifted out of poverty, and all the 12,000 poverty alleviation points arranged by the competent departments of the industry and local party committees and governments have been completed. The accumulated direct investment and introduction of various funds in poverty-stricken areas has exceeded 100 billion yuan, including more than 54 billion yuan of free assistance funds, successfully completing various poverty alleviation tasks and helping the broad masses in poverty-stricken areas to embark on the road of common prosperity.

　　First, adhere to the professional expertise and strive to change the backward conditions of production and life in poverty-stricken areas.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to focus on improving production and living conditions, focusing on strengthening infrastructure such as farmland water conservancy, transportation and communication, and public services such as technical training, education and medical care, especially to solve the "last mile" problem of entering villages and households. State-owned central enterprises make full use of superior resources, give full play to enterprise expertise, accelerate infrastructure construction in poverty-stricken areas, unblock congestion points and fill shortcomings, which greatly speeds up the modernization process in poverty-stricken areas.

　　Completed the "road to wealth".Poverty-stricken areas, often with complex topography and poor natural conditions, are isolated from the world and become the heaviest "stone" on the poor people. If you want to be rich, first build roads and get through transportation lines is an important basic work to get rid of poverty. Central construction enterprises have built a large number of infrastructure projects such as railways, highways, bridges and tunnels with high quality, which greatly improved the level of transportation infrastructure in poor areas; Central aviation enterprises have continuously improved their route network, and set up an air road connecting poor areas with the outside. At the same time, state-owned central enterprises have also established a poverty alleviation mechanism of "where the project is built and where the poverty alleviation work is followed up". In Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, where traffic is extremely inconvenient, a large number of central enterprises such as china huadian and China Communications Group invested in building bridges and roads, which solved the long-standing travel problem of local people in one fell swoop.

　　Sent "Huimin Power".The lack of power grid coverage and unstable power consumption have always been a difficult problem that restricts the economic and social development of poor areas. The electric power enterprises of the Central Power Grid have accelerated the new round of rural power grid transformation and upgrading and village-to-village power and electricity projects, with a cumulative investment of more than one trillion yuan, and completed the goal of poverty alleviation and power grid construction ahead of schedule. Only one well is electrified, which can save 2.75 million tons of fuel every year and reduce the irrigation cost of farmers by 11.6 billion yuan. The State Grid overcame the construction difficulties in the plateau area and carried out the Qinghai-Tibet power interconnection project. Four "power roads", including the Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Tibet-China and Ali interconnection projects, crossed mountains and rivers, completely solving the problem of power shortage that has plagued Tibetan areas for many years. China huadian has implemented the comprehensive energy utilization demonstration of "photovoltaic+energy storage+sewage treatment+agriculture and forestry irrigation" and the demonstration projects of changing dry toilets into water toilets, electric heating kang and replacing electricity with firewood in Banyan New Village, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, creating a "new plateau model" for electric power to serve rural revitalization.

　　Central enterprises put health and poverty alleviation in an important position, and strive to solve outstanding difficulties such as "difficult to see a doctor" and "far away from seeing a doctor" in poverty-stricken areas. Since 2004, China Petrochemical has carried out the "China Petrochemical Guangming" health express public welfare project for 16 consecutive years, which has enabled 46,000 poor cataract patients to see the light again. The picture shows that on May 13th, 2015, the "China Petrochemical Guangming" Health Express launched a public welfare activity in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. Photo courtesy of China Petrochemical Wang Zhidong/photo

　　Opened the "happiness network".In the information age, the "digital divide" is an important aspect that causes poverty-stricken areas to fall behind. Central telecom enterprises have vigorously carried out communication poverty alleviation, with a cumulative investment of more than 200 billion yuan, continuously improved the information and communication infrastructure construction in poverty-stricken areas, and carried out telephone projects and universal pilot services for telecommunications in every village. The poor villages have over 98% access to optical fiber and 4G, and launched a "poverty alleviation package" for the poor people in rural areas, effectively bridging the "digital divide" between urban and rural areas. The poor people in the deep mountains and valleys have also boarded the Internet express train, and online goods have become a weapon for poverty alleviation. China Telecom has been fighting for more than 100 days, and people are carrying communication equipment on their backs, which has completely opened up the information road in Atulier Village, Zhaojue County, Sichuan Province, and the communication level of "Cliff Village" has "stepped over the Millennium".

　　Supported the "medical team."Poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness are the "hard bones" in tackling poverty. Central enterprises put health and poverty alleviation in an important position, investing 2.2 billion yuan in medical assistance funds in poverty-stricken areas, building (donating) more than 2,600 hospitals and rural health centers, donating a large number of advanced medical equipment to poverty-stricken areas, training a large number of medical staff, and carrying out a series of activities such as sending doctors to the countryside and free clinics, striving to solve outstanding difficulties such as "difficult to see a doctor" and "far away from seeing a doctor". Sinopharm Group gave full play to the advantages of the whole industrial chain of the medical and health industry, donated equipment to 21 medical institutions, helped Zhiduo County in Qinghai Province, which is located in the plateau, to upgrade the level of medical institutions and trained thousands of medical staff from all over the country. China Petrochemical Company has carried out the "China Petrochemical Guangming" health express public welfare project for 16 consecutive years, which has enabled 46,000 poor cataract patients to see the light again. China Three Gorges Group has carried out the "Happy Smile" charity activity for 10 consecutive years, helping more than 600 children with cleft lip and palate from poor families to undergo plastic surgery and rehabilitation treatment.

　　Second, adhere to give full play to industrial advantages, so that poor areas can connect with Unicom’s vast market.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that developing industry is the fundamental strategy to achieve poverty alleviation, and it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions and take cultivating industry as the fundamental way to promote poverty alleviation. State-owned central enterprises always insist on closely linking the industrial advantages of enterprises with the resource endowments of poverty-stricken areas, solving the needs of poverty-stricken areas in industrial poverty alleviation, solving the urgent needs of poor people in consumption poverty alleviation, and truly helping poverty alleviation to the point and root.

　　Pay attention to embodying characteristics in industrial cultivation.Industrial cultivation is the first move for industrial poverty alleviation. State-owned central enterprises fully consider the endowment structure and economic characteristics of natural resources, ecological environment, land, labor and other factors in poverty-stricken areas, seize the "unique share" of poverty-stricken areas, vigorously develop characteristic industries in poverty-stricken areas according to local conditions, and build more than 50,000 industrial poverty alleviation projects, support 12,000 leading rural enterprises and rural cooperatives, introduce more than 2,400 poverty alleviation enterprises, and drive investment of more than 20 billion yuan. In Zhashui County, Shaanxi Province, China Railway Group carried out industrial poverty alleviation around characteristic agricultural products such as auricularia auricula, which helped the local area to establish an industrial chain of "production, packaging and sales". During the inspection, General Secretary Ceng Dian praised "small auricularia auricula, big industry". China Tourism Group and OCT Group deeply explore the tourism resources to help poor counties, help to make tourism plans, train management teams, cultivate tourism routes and build brand scenic spots.

　　Developing industry is the fundamental strategy to get rid of poverty. Through industrial support, tuanjie village, Zhaojue County, Liangshan Prefecture, assisted by China Huaneng Sichuan Company, took off the hat of a poor village. The picture shows that on March 30, 2020, a poor household in the village was smiling after the harvest of the "Borrowing Sheep to Return Sheep" project. Photo courtesy of China Huaneng Sichuan Company He Song/photo

　　Pay attention to brand promotion in expanding the market.Brand poverty alleviation is an important starting point for industrial poverty alleviation. Only by inserting the wings of brands can the characteristic products in poor areas fly out of ravines and become golden phoenix. Ordnance Industry Group cooperated with FAO to promote the "Double Heritage" project of Hani Terrace in Honghe County, Yunnan Province, making Hani Terrace a continuous driving force for upgrading the tourism industry and revitalizing the countryside in Honghe County. SINOMACH has turned "Maliu Embroidery" in Chaotian District of Sichuan Province into a local folk culture brand, stepped onto the CCTV stage and entered the United Nations. By developing aviation meals, AVIC, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines promoted the special products of "flying in the blue sky" and "floating in the cabin", which not only enriched the types of meals, but also effectively promoted the sales and brand promotion of poverty alleviation products.

　　Pay attention to building a platform in consumer assistance.Establishing a stable sales channel is the key to form a closed loop of industrial poverty alleviation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, state-owned central enterprises have actively built a network bridge between "small commodities of thousands of households" and "ever-changing big markets" in poverty-stricken areas, purchased more than 14 billion yuan of agricultural products in poverty-stricken areas, and helped to sell more than 4 billion yuan of agricultural products in poverty-stricken areas. A "happy sales network" has been established to benefit the people in poverty-stricken areas. COFCO introduced 579 poverty alleviation products covering 63 state-level poverty-stricken counties in 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) through its "I Buy Net". China Minmetals resolutely carried out the important instructions made by the Supreme Leader General Secretary in Huayuan County, Hunan Province, "Know what to plant, what to raise and where to increase income, and help villagers find a good way to get rid of poverty and get rich", and explored and established a closed-loop industrial poverty alleviation model of "central enterprises’ investment+rural cooperative operation+driving the income of establishing card holders+enterprises buying products" in the local area.

　　Third, adhere to the simultaneous support of the will and wisdom, and effectively enhance the ability of the poor to become rich through hard work.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is important to get rid of poverty and become rich. As long as you have confidence, loess will become gold; It is necessary to strengthen the combination of poverty alleviation with supporting ambition and wisdom, stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of poor people, encourage and guide them to change their destiny by their own efforts, and make poverty alleviation have sustainable endogenous motivation. State-owned central enterprises attach great importance to enhancing the self-awareness and development concept of the poor people to get rich through hard work, paying attention to teaching the poor people their labor skills and skills to get rich, and pushing the poor people to actually change from "I want to get rid of poverty" to "I want to get rid of poverty" and "I can get rid of poverty".

　　To strengthen education and change ideas.Only when you have a rich brain can you drum up your pockets, and education is the fundamental policy to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. State-owned central enterprises have invested a total of 5.4 billion yuan in education assistance funds, aided more than 2,400 schools and subsidized more than 1.1 million poor students. The summer camp activities of the central enterprise "Young Eagle Central Enterprise Bank" and the "Going Out" assistance plan of China Merchants Group in Naqu, Tibet helped Tibetan middle school students and school-age children to walk out of the mountains, enter the city and broaden their horizons. China Telecom fully supports the pilot action of "learning Putonghua before school" in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and invests hundreds of millions of yuan to solve the communication bottleneck in deep poverty areas and expand the network coverage of preschool education sites in remote areas. The National Energy Group has invested 400 million yuan in poverty alleviation through education, implemented 114 projects and built 14,604 "Love Books".

　　Education is the fundamental policy to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In the decisive battle to get rid of poverty, state-owned central enterprises pay attention to the combination of poverty alleviation and support for ambition and wisdom, and strive to "help the poor in education." The picture shows the Three Gorges Hope Primary School in Xingshan County, Hubei Province, aided by China Three Gorges Group. The group has donated 720 million yuan to help the poor through education. Photo courtesy of China Three Gorges Group

　　Strengthen training to improve the ability to get rich.It is an effective way to stimulate the endogenous motivation to get rid of poverty and become rich by strengthening the skills training of poor families’ labor force and promoting poor families’ labor force to master more practical skills. China Railway has built a precision poverty alleviation skills education and training base in Rucheng County, Hunan Province, connecting the training and employment chain and continuing the "half quilt" friendship between communist party people and ordinary people. Aerospace science and technology pays attention to creating a poverty alleviation model of "science and technology+employment" and vigorously promotes the development of vocational education in poverty-stricken counties. Poly Group established "Poly Spark Class" to carry out "order" and "orientation" skills training for the children of poor households who set up a card.

　　To help employment and enhance development momentum.One person is employed, and the whole family is lifted out of poverty. Helping people in poverty-stricken areas to find jobs is the most direct and fastest way to get rid of poverty. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council promoted the establishment of a poverty alleviation fund for central enterprises jointly funded by all central enterprises, with a cumulative rolling investment of 34 billion yuan and 132 investment projects, which led to the employment of 550,000 people in poverty-stricken areas and provided income of 4.8 billion yuan for the employed population every year. Central enterprises directly recruited more than 50,000 poor people and helped more than 600,000 poor laborers to find jobs. In view of the special difficulties brought by the COVID-19 epidemic to the poor people going out to work, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council timely organized a special campaign of "fighting the epidemic, stabilizing posts and expanding employment", and held a special job fair for poor migrant workers in designated poverty-stricken counties, providing 147,000 jobs and recruiting 54,000 people.

　　Fourth, persist in focusing on deep poverty-stricken areas and ensure that no one falls behind on the road to a well-off society.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that deep poverty-stricken areas are the solid foundation for tackling poverty. It is necessary to deeply understand the arduousness, importance and urgency of completing the task of tackling poverty as scheduled in deep poverty-stricken areas, and adopt more concentrated support, more effective measures and more powerful work to solidly promote poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas. State-owned central enterprises focus on deep poverty-stricken areas such as "three districts and three States", promote poverty alleviation resources to gather in deep poverty-stricken areas, and resolutely fight the battle of deep poverty and annihilation.

　　Deepen the attack.To conquer the fortress of deep poverty, organizational leadership is the guarantee. The deep poverty-stricken areas represented by "three districts and three states" are the hard ones in tackling poverty, and they are the hard ones in this tough battle. We must concentrate our superior forces and go all out to push forward. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council has held 14 special meetings to help deep-seated poverty-stricken areas, held a symposium on industrial aid from central enterprises to Xinjiang, and helped Qinghai to develop in a sustained and healthy way. It organized activities for central enterprises to help enrich the people and promote Tibet, and the main responsible comrades led a team to Gansu, Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai for investigation and held a poverty alleviation site promotion meeting. Under the strong impetus, the number of poverty-stricken counties designated by central enterprises for poverty alleviation and counterpart support in "three districts and three states" has reached 78, and poverty alleviation resources have been continuously gathered in deep poverty-stricken areas.

　　Pay close attention to improving the style of tackling difficulties.Whether the task of getting rid of poverty can be completed with high quality depends on people and the style of cadres. The State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) has earnestly carried out the special treatment of work style problems in the field of poverty alleviation, focused on solving the outstanding problems in the field of poverty alleviation, such as weak "four consciousnesses", inadequate implementation of responsibilities, inaccurate work measures, irregular management and use of funds, unsound work style and lax assessment, and guided enterprises to pay more attention to deep poverty-stricken areas, and guided poverty alleviation cadres to dive down and work with the poor. From the loess high slope to the snowy tianlu, from the northwest border to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, there are poverty alleviation teams of state-owned central enterprises in 14 concentrated contiguous poverty-stricken areas across the country.

　　Comprehensively ensure the effectiveness of tackling the problem.It is the goal of poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas to let the villagers live a good life without missing a village or leaving a person. China Huaneng, China Datang and China Three Gorges Group fully supported Yunnan Province to win the tough battle of "going straight through the nation" to get rid of poverty, and invested nearly 6 billion yuan to help solve the survival and development dilemma of "going straight through the nation". China Resources Group has built 12 "China Resources Hope Towns" in the old revolutionary base areas and poverty-stricken areas, and created a number of socialist new villages and towns with vibrant agricultural development and distinctive local and ethnic characteristics. China Petrochemical resolutely implemented the fixed-point assistance task for Bulenggou Village in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Gansu Province, attracting happy water, repairing Huimin Road and building a new countryside, effectively changing the local poverty.

　　Five, adhere to the leadership of the party, fully demonstrate the political nature of the state-owned central enterprises.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that organizational leadership is the guarantee to win the battle against poverty. Adhering to the party’s leadership and giving full play to the advantage that the socialist system can concentrate on doing great things is our greatest political advantage. Party organizations at all levels of state-owned central enterprises take it as their unshirkable political responsibility to help fight poverty, strengthen party building, improve and perfect the strong working system of poverty alleviation organizations, and improve the working mechanism of implementing them at all levels to provide a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of poverty alleviation tasks.

　　Gather extraordinary efforts to establish a strong and efficient poverty alleviation system.The Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council set up a leading group for poverty alleviation and development, and organized central enterprises to sign a letter of responsibility for designated poverty alleviation every year, which was regarded as an important content of business performance evaluation. Party committees (party groups) of central enterprises have all set up leading bodies for poverty alleviation work and improved the organizational system for poverty alleviation work. Since 2017 alone, more than 3,000 poverty alleviation meetings have been held, and more than 2,400 members of the leading bodies have gone to designated poverty alleviation counties for special promotion work. Party organizations at all levels of state-owned central enterprises regard poverty alleviation as the "top leader" project special research, special deployment and special promotion. Leading cadres at all levels resolutely shoulder the political responsibility of poverty alleviation, forming a vivid situation in which state-owned central enterprises are mobilized, cadres and workers are working together, and they are linked up and down.

　　Implement extraordinary measures to explore a precise and effective path of poverty alleviation and development.To carry out the basic strategy of precise poverty alleviation, the Party Committee of the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission has successively issued 10 poverty alleviation documents, clarifying the basic principles, main tasks, work priorities and specific requirements for poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas of "three districts and three states". Based on the wishes of local governments, the needs of the masses and the capabilities of enterprises, the Party Committee (Party Group) of central enterprises has made practical moves in precise policy, made real achievements in precise promotion and achieved practical results in precise landing, and truly helped the poor to the point and the root, realizing a virtuous circle of industrial benefits, people’s income, enterprises’ returns and local development.

　　Do our utmost to forge a poverty alleviation team that dares to fight and win.Taking the front line of poverty alleviation as an important platform for training and training cadres, we selected elite soldiers and strong generals to be directly embedded in poverty-stricken areas, and sent a total of 37,000 poverty alleviation cadres. The poverty alleviation cadres of state-owned central enterprises fought with the local people and forged a deep friendship. In particular, 19 poverty alleviation cadres from 12 central enterprises, including China National Nuclear Corporation, have sacrificed their lives in the front line of poverty alleviation work, and they have written songs of poverty alleviation and youth in the new era with their lives, which are widely praised by cadres and workers of state-owned central enterprises and grassroots people in helping areas. Comrade Qiu Jun, a poverty alleviation cadre of chemical engineering in China, was appointed as the deputy magistrate of Huachi County, Gansu Province, and was exhausted in the poverty alleviation post. He still missed the poor people in the intensive care unit for only three days, wrote three unfinished poverty alleviation jobs with trembling handwriting, and left a message to his wife and two young children, "I miss having dinner with my family, so I will buy it and make it for you", and fulfilled the initial mission of communist party people with the action of serving the public wholeheartedly and sacrificing myself.

　　Make great efforts to build a number of strong fighting fortresses rooted in the countryside.Taking Party building as an important starting point for poverty alleviation, more than 18,000 Party branches have been jointly established in poverty-stricken areas and more than 270,000 grassroots cadres have been trained, which has effectively enhanced the political function and organizational power of grassroots party organizations in poverty-stricken areas. The poverty alleviation cadres of state-owned central enterprises walked into the village and sat on the kang to convey the voice of the party face to face, and sent the care and warmth of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the CPC Central Committee to the hearts of the poor people, so that the people in the helping areas really felt that communist party was good, socialism was good and the great motherland was good. "In the past, I only knew that central enterprises were big, but now I know that central enterprises listen to the party most" and "Thank the central enterprises for thanking the party". These simple words of ordinary people are the biggest praise for state-owned central enterprises to resolutely achieve "two maintenance" and implement the party’s poverty alleviation policy to the letter.

　　Entering a new stage of development and marching towards a new journey, state-owned central enterprises must make new achievements. The Party Committee of the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) and the Party Committee (Party Group) of central enterprises will organically unify the promotion of enterprises’ own reform and development with the consolidation and expansion of poverty alleviation achievements and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization, so as to ensure the implementation of the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee with more powerful measures and gather more powerful forces and make greater contributions to building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

Original yuki & Luqi ‘an Chihuo Institute

Mala Tang, a well-known snack, occupies a place in many people’s hearts. Northeast Mala Tang, Sichuan-Chongqing Mala Tang … Different factions of Mala Tang have their own characteristics and fans, just like fairy fights.

And the hottest mala Tang recently, but also the number of Gansu mala Tang. On the internet, it’s like a dark horse that suddenly comes out, and everyone is in a hurry. Gansu people just want to say: Gansu mala Tang has finally been seen by everyone!

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

Gansu people who are away from home, the first thing to do when they go home is not to eat beef noodles, but to eat malatang. Because beef noodles can be eaten anywhere, but Gansu mala Tang can only be eaten when you return to Gansu.

Gansu hot spicy dip and spicy rice noodles.

01

Gansu hot spicy dip

/Potato flour and oil chili pepper is the soul/

In the world of spicy food in Gansu, there are two indispensable elements-potato flour and pepper fragrance. The two are integrated with each other to create a unique Gansu mala Tang.

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

Gansu is rich in potatoes, among which Dingxi is the most famous potato.

The potato produced in Dingxi is Huang Cancan and round, which is called a golden and bright potato. It is also known as "the golden pimple in the yellow land". Moreover, Dingxi potato has high starch content, sufficient viscosity and good fusion. It can be used only with potatoes and water, and it is not suitable for processing into powder.

The potato powder made of Dingxi potatoes is naturally milky white, and it will not muddy the soup after being cooked for a long time, and the entrance is smooth and strong, so you can feel the full chewiness between chewing. The most commendable thing is the juice-hanging ability of this kind of powder. Before eating, soak it in the soup, soak up the fresh and fragrant soup in mala Tang, and then wrap it in chili pepper. It is really "spicy, smooth, strong, thorough, fragrant and refreshing".

On the right is a shot of fine potato powder.

Just like Lanzhou beef noodles have two fine, capillary and leek leaves, Gansu potato powder can also be divided into fine powder, leek leaf powder and large width, which fully considers the needs of diners.

Big width powder picture from the idea of the worm.

Moreover, in the Mala Tang restaurant in Gansu, you can order a spicy powder, pick up a piece of powder and eat it. The fragrance is confused!

Spicy rice noodles, sizzling and shooting

In the seasoning of Gansu Mala Tang, pepper is an indispensable part.

When I first saw Gansu Mala Tang, I was often shocked by the red chili pepper in the bowl. After I tasted it, I found that Gansu Mala Tang was very red, but it was fragrant, and it was the kind of spicy that slowly poured into the taste buds.

Hongtongtong’s Hot Spicy Dip Yiyiyipai

People in the northwest like spicy food, and each family has its own formula of paste pepper.

Grinding different varieties of dried peppers into flour, adding a proper amount of spiced powder, salt, sugar, white sesame seeds, etc., and finally just pouring hot oil, the fragrance locked in red chili pepper can be stimulated to the extreme, and the pepper is full of fragrance, and the spicy taste is strong without losing the sense of hierarchy, and the taste buds can be grasped instantly, which makes people unforgettable.

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

There is no milk, sesame sauce or sugar in the soup base of Gansu Mala Tang. Only broth or bone soup is used. After a long period of boiling, supplemented by various seasonings, the soup base is clean and not muddy, and it pays attention to a "non-sticky mouth".

Shooting the soup of boiling hot spicy dip.

The most irresistible thing is the preparation of small ingredients for Gansu Mala Tang.

Fried peanuts and pickled mustard tuber are accompanied by Chili flavor, and a variety of flavors are wrapped around the tips of lips and teeth, which makes the taste of mala Tang more abundant. There are also some stores in Lanzhou that will add sour radish, which is very boring.

The Q-bomb of vermicelli, the richness of seasoning, the crispness of peanuts, and the fragrance of pepper … all the flavors are intertwined, forming an indescribable wonderful taste. It is no wonder that a bowl of hot Gansu Mala Tang can make countless Gansu wanderers dream about it.

Shooting on a small feeding table

Gansu province is long and narrow from east to west, so the mala Tang in different regions is also slightly different. Zhangye Mala Tang, which is quite popular in recent years, has added "sweet noodle sauce" to its sauce, which is sweet and spicy to eat. But if you want to ask which Gansu Mala Tang is the best, Gansu people will only answer you that the Mala Tang in their hometown is the best.

According to my colleague in Gansu, it was originally a Sichuanese who came to Jiayuguan to open a mala Tang restaurant. She grew up eating the first mala Tang restaurant. Sichuan Mala Tang took root in Gansu, and was further localized and improved, and finally developed into what it is today.

02

Sichuan hot spicy dip

/Snacks from the street to the table/

When it comes to mala Tang, Sichuan is absolutely unavoidable. After all, this is the birthplace of mala Tang.

As for how Sichuan Mala Tang came into being, there are many opinions, one of which is the most widespread and credible: in the 1980s and 1990s, the individual economy began to flourish, and street stalls put food slices on bamboo sticks for sale. Set up a pot next to it, rinse and cook it in the spicy soup base, and then dip it in. It’s cheap and charges by signing. This is the original form of mala Tang.

The original mala Tang was signed | The picture comes from the idea of the worm.

This small-scale business has strong reproducibility, low entry threshold, more and more employees, and some changes in form-from the initial street snacks into the store, it has become a dinner, cooked by yourself, served with oil dishes, and the variety of ingredients is also richer. In addition to the improvement in form, Mala Tang has gradually expanded from Leshan, the original birthplace, to Chengdu, and has a new name-"string string".

Today’s hand-held skewers are close to the original mala Tang eating method, and most of them are put out on the street in the middle of the night. After selecting the dishes, the boss will use a clip to fix the skewers on the edge of the pot and cook them. After the pot is put out, sprinkle chopped green onion and coriander as you like.

The picture comes from the idea of the worm.

Mala Tang and skewers are so similar that although I am a Sichuanese, I once thought they were the same thing, but they were called by different names, and eating them in my mouth was similar. Actually, their boundaries are really blurred, and you don’t have to worry too much when eating-delicious is the most important thing.

In the past, the roadside stalls in Beijing were also cooked with skewers in the soup base, and they were always hot. Pick out what you want to eat, and the boss will take the ingredients off the label and mix the seasoning, so you can eat it.

Roadside stall mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

Antimony pot mala Tang and plate mala Tang, which have emerged in recent two or three years, are mixed with dry dishes made of bean powder, Chili noodles and garlic paste, and their tastes reproduce the delicious and spicy memories of many Sichuanese children.

Pan Pan Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

Cold pot string and maocai are also products derived from the deformation of "mala Tang-string".

Cold pot strings are cooked and served in soup. Although there is the word "cold" in the name, it is actually hot, the food is hot, the soup is hot, and only the pot containing the food is cold (actually at room temperature).

Cold pot string | Image from the idea of the worm

Maocai, on the other hand, abandoned "signing" and added some small bowls of dishes to choose from on the basis of mala Tang. You can choose beef, rabbit loin, brain flower, thousand layers of belly and other ingredients separately.

Beef | Image from the idea of the worm

Maocai can also be sold with rice, which is well-prepared and active in the streets in the form of fast food, providing many office workers with fast and rich lunch choices.

Maocai with rice | Image from the idea of the worm

03

Northeast hot spicy dip

/delicious after localization/

Mala Tang bloomed in the northwest, a spicy flower of Gansu Mala Tang. It can also go to the northeast, adapt to local conditions, improve and evolve into a brand-new genre-Northeast Mala Tang.

At that time, with the tide of laid-off, the small business of Mala Tang borrowed from Sichuan began to take root in the land of Northeast China.

In the choice of ingredients, most of the meat dishes in Sichuan Mala Tang are animals in the water, such as county liver, duck intestines, hairy belly, county handle, rabbit waist, etc. When they come to the northeast, the meat dishes are mostly meat slices and various balls. On the staple food, Northeast Mala Tang has also added corn flour, beef tendon noodles, potato flour, rice cakes, fried dough sticks and rich bean products according to local tastes.

Northeast Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

When Mala Tang first entered the Northeast, it basically maintained the original heavy oil and spicy flavor, but later it was improved with the local taste, and the overall taste was more salty and spicy. This is the old-fashioned Mala Tang in the Northeast, and it is also the first and most popular form of Mala Tang after it came to the Northeast for localization.

Old-fashioned hot spicy dip

Nowadays, there are many hot "Northeast Sticky Mala Tang" on the Internet, and a large iron spoon of sesame sauce and peanut butter almost covers the whole bowl surface, giving people a strong visual impact.

Sticky mala Tang | Image from Xiaohongshu @ Occasionally Ungentle Sandwich Sister

In addition to the improved version of mala Tang, there is also a popular version of mala Tang in Northeast China.

Vegetables, meatballs, staple foods, mushrooms, etc. are cooked, drained, and then mixed with seasonings to eat. The optional flavors of spicy-hot mix are richer than those of spicy-hot mix, spicy, sour-sweet, sour-spicy and sweet-spicy, especially the sweet-sour mouth. Adding more vinegar and sugar to the spicy mix is very "Northeast"!

Spicy mix | Image from the idea of the worm

Many non-Northeast partners’ knowledge of Northeast Mala Tang mostly comes from two famous chain restaurants: Sean Mala Tang and Yang Guofu Mala Tang. These two brands not only took the Northeast Mala Tang out of the Northeast, but also promoted the iconic bone soup and milk soup base to the whole country.

Sean and Yang Guofu have actually opened many stores in Sichuan in recent years. This phenomenon is quite interesting. Mala Tang went out of Sichuan and returned to Sichuan after being improved in the northeast. When miscellaneous sauce noodles, a popular Chinese food in South Korea, were returned to China for sale, they were regarded as Korean food, which had the same effect.

Yang Guofu Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

With the popularity of Gansu Mala Tang rising, many places outside Gansu are gearing up to open Gansu Mala Tang shops, and there are also many fast food versions available online. People who can’t go to Gansu, but are greedy for spicy food in Gansu, may be able to solve the pain of lovesickness-but there is no guarantee that they will be delicious in Gansu.

If you eat delicious Gansu Mala Tang in Beijing, be sure to tell me, because I want to eat it so much.

What kind of mala Tang do you like?

Original title: "Gansu Mala Tang (chewing), why is it so fragrant (chewing)? 》

Read the original text

　　Tianshan net-Xinjiang Daily reporter Yu Jiangyan

　　After the heavy truck enters the power exchange station, the driver scans the code properly and sends out the power exchange instruction, and the power exchange truss car automatically grabs the old battery and replaces the new battery … This is the scene of replacing the battery for the heavy truck in the No.1 power exchange station of Wusu City on June 8. After the heavy truck enters the station, the battery is automatically replaced in the whole process, and it takes about 5 minutes on average from entering the station to leaving the station.

On May 15th, No.1 power station of Wusu Power Exchange Heavy Truck was put into operation. Photo courtesy of Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Lvneng Co., Ltd.

　　Wusu Heavy Truck No.1 Power Station was put into operation on May 15th this year, which is the first heavy truck power station put into operation in Tacheng area. Located in the "Golden Triangle" of Wusu, Kuitun and Dushanzi, millions of tons of coal are transported to neighboring power plants and petrochemical enterprises every year. In order to realize the goal of "double carbon", Tacheng area took the lead in popularizing and applying heavy trucks for replacing electricity in coal transportation industry.

　　"The power exchange station has 8 stations and is equipped with 7 sets of lithium iron phosphate batteries with a capacity of 282 kWh." Jin Shengli, director of the planning and development department of Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Green Energy Co., Ltd., the builder of the power exchange station, said that the power exchange station can guarantee the all-weather operation of 50 heavy trucks.

　　Building a green and clean transportation system is not only accelerating the layout of heavy trucks for power stations in Tacheng area, but also accelerating the Eighth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Urumqi City and Turpan City.

　　At the end of March, the heavy truck replacement power station invested and built by Xinjiang Derun Xiexin Energy Technology Co., Ltd. in Shihezi City was put into operation, which can guarantee 30 heavy trucks to operate all day, and the full-load operation can meet the power replacement demand of 50 heavy trucks. At present, the vehicles that go to the power station to change batteries are mainly heavy trucks engaged in short-distance coal transportation, which transport the coal unloaded from the railway station to nearby power plants.

　　In January 2022, the People’s Government of the Autonomous Region issued the Guiding Opinions on Further Accelerating the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles and Industrial Development, proposing to accelerate the electrification and demonstration construction of hydrogen fuel in the transportation field, focusing on "Urumqi-Changzhou-Shijiazhuang", "Kuidu-Urumqi" and the joint control area of atmospheric defense in Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. In April, 2022, the first electric heavy truck power station in Xinjiang was put into use in Ganquanbao Economic and Technological Development Zone in Urumqi.

On May 15th, No.1 power station of Wusu Power Exchange Heavy Truck was put into operation. Photo courtesy of Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Lvneng Co., Ltd.

　　In addition to the layout of heavy trucks for power stations, Xinjiang will also arrange hydrogen refueling stations. At present, relevant enterprises in Yili Prefecture, Hami City and other places have heard the news and plan to take the lead in promoting hydrogen fuel heavy trucks in mining and transportation industries such as coal.

　　"We produce hydrogen by electrolyzing water through photovoltaic power generation. At present, the hydrogen production plant has completed the construction of’ three links and one leveling’ and can produce green hydrogen at the earliest end of the year." Luo Fengxiang, deputy director of the operation department of Yining Lianchuang Urban Construction (Group) Co., Ltd., said that after the production of green hydrogen, it is planned to purchase the first batch of 247 hydrogen fuel vehicles, including 200 hydrogen fuel heavy trucks and 35 hydrogen fuel dump trucks, to promote the demonstration of hydrogen fuel green transportation in Yining City. Among them, 200 hydrogen fuel heavy trucks will be first used in the coal transportation industry.

　　At the end of last year, Beijing Yihuatong Technology Co., Ltd. signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Yining Municipal People’s Government and Yining Lianchuang Urban Construction (Group) Co., Ltd. to jointly promote the construction of the integrated project of photovoltaic green electricity hydrogen production source, grid and storage in Yining City. It is estimated that the annual production capacity of the hydrogen production plant will reach 20,000 tons, and 20 hydrogen refueling stations will be built to meet the daily operation needs of more than 3,000 hydrogen fuel heavy trucks.

　　While Yining City promoted the construction of photovoltaic power generation and electrolyzed water to produce hydrogen, the hydrogen energy industry in Hami City also started quietly. On June 5th, Guanghui Energy Co., Ltd. signed an equity cooperation agreement with Jiaxing Shenneng Chengchuang Equity Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Shanghai Reshaping Energy Technology Co., Ltd., and established Xinjiang Huishen New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., which promoted the production of hydrogen from green electricity and the purification of industrial by-product, carried out the promotion and demonstration of hydrogen energy heavy trucks, carried out the construction of hydrogen production, storage and transportation, hydrogen refueling stations and hydrogen sales, and carried out the integration of green electricity substitution, source network storage and hydrogen energy industry. At the same time, according to the degree of market cultivation and development, timely invest in the construction of hydrogen battery assembly plant, vehicle assembly and other related supporting industries in Hami.

　　With the continuous development of the green transportation system, it will be as simple to replace batteries and hydrogenate heavy trucks in Xinjiang in the future as it is to refuel at a gas station.

(The publication of manuscripts on this website must be authorized in writing. Reprinting, editing, copying and creating mirror images without authorization are prohibited, and offenders will be investigated for legal responsibility according to law. )

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, there was a strong wind cooling in the northern region: due to the influence of cold air, the temperature dropped by 6 ~ 10℃ in the northeast, North China, Huanghuai, northern Jianghuai, Jianghan and northeastern Sichuan at 05: 00 today, and dropped by 12 ~ 18℃ in northern North China and eastern Heilongjiang, central and eastern Jilin and central Liaoning. There were 6 ~ 8 gusts and 9 ~ 11 local gusts in some of the above areas yesterday. This morning, the temperature 0℃ line is located in the north of Shanxi, the north of Hebei and the north of Liaoning.

　　There is heavy rainfall in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places: from 08: 00 yesterday to 06: 00 today, heavy rain or rainstorm occurred in northeastern Sichuan, central and southern Shaanxi, northwestern Hubei, central and western Henan, northern Jiangsu and Anhui, central and northern Shandong and peninsula, southern Tianjin and southern Guangdong Leizhou Peninsula, northeastern Hainan Island and other places, and heavy rains occurred in Guangyuan, Bazhong, Suining, Shaanxi, Hanzhong, Ankang, Shangluo, Shiyan, Shandong, Zibo, Weifang and other places.

　　Cold wave weather will end the high temperature in the south

　　Affected by strong cold air, it is estimated that from 08: 00 on October 4 to 20: 00 on October 6, the temperature in the southeast of northwest China, southern North China, Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, eastern Southwest China and most parts of the south of the Yangtze River will drop by 6 ~ 10℃ successively. Among them, the temperature in parts of southern Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan and northern Jiangnan will drop by 12 ~ 16℃, and the local temperature drop can reach more than 18℃. On the morning of 6th to 7th, the lowest temperature 0℃ line will be located in the northern part of North China to central Liaoning, and the lowest temperature 10℃ line will be located in the northeast of Sichuan, central Hubei, southern Henan to northern Jiangsu and Anhui. There will be 4~6 winds in the Yangtze River basin and its north, and gusts in high altitude areas and rivers and lakes can reach 7~8. There will be 7 ~ 9 strong winds in the northern and eastern seas of China, with gusts of 10~11. The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a blue warning of cold wave and a yellow warning of strong wind at sea at 06: 00 on October 4.

　　Due to the influence of cold air going south, the high temperature range in the southern region is obviously reduced and the intensity is weakened. However, it is estimated that there will still be high temperature above 35℃ in southern Zhejiang, most of Jiangxi, Fujian, north-central and eastern Guangdong, and northeastern Guangxi during the day on October 4, among which the high temperature in parts of south-central Jiangxi, most of Fujian and northern Guangdong can reach above 37℃. After 5 days, this high temperature process ended. In addition, in the next 10 days, there will still be no obvious rainfall in most parts of the south of the Yangtze River and northern South China, and the meteorological drought will continue.

　　In addition, it is expected that a new round of cold air will affect most parts of the central and eastern regions from August 8 to 10, and the temperature will drop by 4 ~ 6 C, and some areas will be 8 ~ 10 C.

　　Strong precipitation in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan and other places has weakened

　　Due to the reduced range and intensity of heavy precipitation, the Central Meteorological Observatory lifted the blue rainstorm warning at 06: 00 on October 4. However, it is estimated that there will still be moderate to heavy rain in the northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwestern Shaanxi, Huanghuai, Jianghuai and Jianghan from October 4 to 6, and there will be heavy rain in some areas.

　　Specific forecast for the next three days

　　From 08: 00 on October 4 to 08: 00 on October 5, there were moderate to heavy rains in parts of southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, northeastern and southern Sichuan, northern Chongqing, southwestern Shaanxi, most of Henan, northern Hubei, northern Jiangsu and Anhui, and most of Hainan Island. Among them, there were heavy rains (50-80 mm) in southwestern Shaanxi and northeastern Sichuan Basin. There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of central and eastern Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shandong Peninsula, eastern and southern Henan, central and southern Jiangsu, eastern Hubei, northwestern Jiangxi and Zhejiang, with gusts of 7 ~ 8 (see Figure 3). The Bohai Sea, the Bohai Strait, the northern and central waters of the Yellow Sea, most of the East China Sea and the Taiwan Province Strait will have strong winds of 7-9 and gusts of 10-11.

　　From 08: 00 on October 5 to 08: 00 on October 6, there were moderate to heavy rains in parts of northern and southern Tibet, southern Qinghai, south-central Shaanxi, central and western Huanghuai, most of Jianghuai, northern Jianghan, and most of Sichuan Basin, with local heavy rain (50 ~ 60 mm). There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of northeastern and central Inner Mongolia, eastern Heilongjiang, Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, northwestern Jiangxi and northern Zhejiang (see Figure 4). The Bohai Strait, most of the Yellow Sea, most of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Province Strait, the bashi channel and the northeastern South China Sea will have winds of 6-7 and gusts of 8, among which the winds in parts of the Taiwan Province Strait can reach 8 and gusts of 9.

　　From 08: 00 on October 6 to 08: 00 on October 7, there were moderate to heavy rains in parts of southwestern and southeastern Tibet, southern Qinghai, southern Huanghuai, most of Jianghuai, most of Jianghan, south-central Sichuan Plateau, northeastern Sichuan Basin, most of Chongqing, and eastern Hainan Island, and there were local heavy rains. There are 4 ~ 5 winds in parts of central Inner Mongolia, Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula (see Figure 5). There will be 6-7 winds with gusts of 8 in the eastern Yellow Sea, the northern East China Sea, the Taiwan Province Strait, the bashi channel and the northeastern South China Sea.

Numerical data (Numerical data) takes numbers as its main feature, and these numbers have clear numerical meanings, which can be operated and can measure specific sizes and differences. Such as "weather temperature", "Shanghai stock index" and "monthly income" in the above examples, these variables can be expressed in numerical values.