At the beginning of the Spring Festival, with the emergence of novel coronavirus infection, a battle without smoke began in Jiangcheng, threatening the health and safety of the people. Since the emergence of the epidemic, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to it, and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has given important instructions, and Premier Li Keqiang has given important instructions, which have pointed out the direction for the prevention and control of the epidemic. In this emergency, the vast number of members of the Chinese Medical Association, regardless of their safety, stepped forward and built an iron wall of scientific prevention and control with their own flesh and blood in order to protect the health of the whole people with fearless revolutionary spirit and courage to give up others.

The hero of this paper is one of the main founders of the Chinese Medical Association, and a famous activist in the early days of the Chinese Medical Association. The Chinese Medical Association was founded in his clinic. He is Yu Fengbin, a disseminator of modern public medicine in China, a pioneer of modern medicine and a doctor of medicine from Taicang, Jiangsu. Academician Zhong Nanshan is the 23rd President of Chinese Medical Association, and he is the 3rd. Today, Xiaobian takes you to understand the brilliant career of this short life of Jiangsu people.

Yu Fengbin, born in Taicang, Jiangsu Province, graduated from St. John’s University in Shanghai in 1908. In 1912, he went to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine to study public health and tropical diseases, and received a doctorate in medicine. He returned to China in early 1915.

Lan Lu, the main founder of Chinese Medical Association.

After the Second Opium War, western church medicine expanded greatly in China, and some elites of western medicine in China were absorbed into "China Bo Medical Association", but they were marginalized in foreign church medical groups. As early as 1910, Lien Teh Wu proposed that Dr. China should set up a national academic group of western medicine. In February, 1915, 21 China doctors from all over the country attending the annual meeting of the Bo Medical Association gathered in Shanghai. On February 5th, under the arrangement of Lien Teh Wu, Yan Fuqing and Yu Fengbin, these 21 doctors got together in Shanghai. Lien Teh Wu spoke first, telling the development status of western medicine in China, emphasizing the necessity of establishing a national western medicine group, and officially established the Chinese Medical Association of propose to create.

In February 1915, the Bo Medical Association held its annual meeting in Shanghai.

Lien Teh Wu’s proposal was unanimously endorsed by the participants, and the first leadership group of the Society was elected: Yan Fuqing as president, Lien Teh Wu as secretary and Yu Fengbin as general affairs. Yu Fengbin’s clinic at No.34 Nanjing Road in Shanghai is a temporary club for the Chinese Medical Association after its establishment. In August 1920, the Medical Association moved to No.352, Nanjing Road, Shanghai with Yu Fengbin Clinic. Until 1925, the Chinese Medical Association rented No.540, Tibet Road, Shanghai, but its mailing address was still No.352, Yu Fengbin Clinic, Nanjing Road. It can be seen that in the ten years after the establishment of the Chinese Medical Association, its office was provided by Yu Fengbin. As one of the founders of the Association, Yu actually undertook the main work in the early days of its establishment.

Old photos of Nanjing Road, Shanghai

At the "First Congress of Chinese Medical Association" held in February, 1916, Yu Fengbin was elected as the vice president and served as the editor-in-chief of Chinese Medical Journal together with Lien Teh Wu until 1925, which lasted for 10 years. In the meantime, Yu Fengbin edited and wrote a lot of articles for the journal, which made the influence of Chinese Medical Association expand day by day, and Chinese Medical Journal became the most authoritative medical academic journal in China. At the Third Congress of Chinese Medical Association held in 1920, Yu Fengbin succeeded Lien Teh Wu and was elected as the third president of Chinese Medical Association.

Academician Zhong Nanshan, academician of China Academy of Engineering, director of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Respiratory Diseases, leader of high-level expert group, and leader of new pneumonia research expert group of Ministry of Science and Technology, served as the 23rd president of Chinese Medical Association from April 2005 to April 2010.

It has been more than 100 years since the Chinese Medical Association was founded. At present, it has 670,000 members, 88 specialized branches, 462 professional learning groups and 42 international/regional medical organizations, making it the largest academic group in China. At the time when China is fully fighting the novel coronavirus epidemic, I would like to pay tribute to all members of the Chinese Medical Association who are in the front line of epidemic prevention and control!

Enthusiastic, the moderator of medical terminology examination and approval

At the beginning of the establishment of the Chinese Medical Association, Yu Fengbin published the Opinion of Medical Terminology in the Chinese Medical Journal, clearly pointing out that it is most important to have standardized medical terms corresponding to Chinese and western languages in order to translate and compile Chinese western medical works.

1921 Chinese medical journal

This is a difficult and pioneering work. In February 1916, the Jiangsu Provincial Education Association came forward and organized 31 representatives from various medical groups in China to form the "Medical Terminology Review Committee", and the first national congress was held in August of that year. Vice President Yu Fengbin attended the meeting on behalf of the Chinese Medical Association and actually presided over the difficult work of unifying the Chinese translations of western medical terms. In 1918, the term review was extended to the whole natural science. Yu Fengbin knew that this work not only affected the spread of western medicine in China at that time, but also was a great project to promote scientific modernization in China, so he showed great enthusiasm and invested a lot of time and energy. Together with Shen Xinqing, a famous educator and master of Chinese studies, he presided over the examination and approval of scientific terms, and the ideal partner of Chinese and western cultures ensured the accuracy of the meaning of translated names.

During the 10 years from 1916 to 1926, the Medical Terminology Review Conference held 11 meetings, which reviewed 23 volumes of terms in anatomy, bacteriology, histology, physiology and pathology, and approved 8 volumes. In February 1927, Yu Fengbin’s Preface "A Collection of Medical Anatomical Terms" was published. In July, 1931, A Compendium of Medical Terminology was published, with 520 pages, with five languages in Chinese, Latin, English, German and Japanese. At present, the terms of natural science applied in China have been revised after several generations of scientists’ repeated consideration on the basis of these early works. Yu Fengbin presided over the examination and approval of scientific (medical) terms, which played an important role in promoting the spread and development of modern medicine and natural science in China.

Learn Chinese and Western, Communicator of Public Health

When Mr. Yu Fengbin was a child, he studied in a private school, which laid a solid foundation for China’s ancient prose and developed his lifelong interest in China literature and ancient books collection. He is a member of the "South Society" founded by Mr. Liu Yazi, who drinks and writes poems, which is quaint and romantic; He is also a medical consultant of Life Weekly sponsored by Mr. Zou Taofen, and he often writes articles on medical popularization to enlighten people’s wisdom. He practices medicine every day and reads and writes at night. In his study, the walls are full of books, many of which are rare and rare, which amaze his friends.

Yu Fengbin has excellent medical skills and has a unique method in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera. He is the pioneer of introducing and using X-ray diagnosis and using radium ingot for radiotherapy in China. In order to protect children’s eyesight, he carefully developed a rotatable chair, which was published in Chinese Medical Journal and widely publicized. Yu Fengbin attaches great importance to public health. Whenever there is an epidemic in summer, he always goes to the front line of the epidemic area to carry out epidemic prevention and control, and popularize and publicize epidemic prevention knowledge.

The world’s first x-ray machine

He compiled and published many books on health science, which made important contributions to the spread of health science in modern China. He not only founded Medical World and edited Chinese Medical Journal, but also compiled and published four volumes of Hygiene Conghua, Personal Hygiene, Evolution of Chinese and Western Medicine, and China Pharmaceutical Dispensing List. His translations include Tuberculosis Rehabilitation Law, Infant Care Law, School Health Lecture Notes and School Health Essentials. It has played an enlightening role in publicizing and popularizing new medical knowledge. The Outline of Physician Ethics translated by him, published in Chinese Medical Journal in 1919, is the first translation of "Medical Ethics" introduced in China, which is of groundbreaking significance. In addition, Mr. Yu Fengbin also published a large number of medical popular science articles in magazines such as Shenbao Supplement and Life Weekly, which played a role in popularizing and promoting the dissemination of medical scientific knowledge.

Although Mr. Yu Fengbin received a Western-style education, he was a medical scientist with a strong anti-imperialist and patriotic consciousness, and he was highly alert to the cultural aggression of western countries against China. In 1925, some radicals put forward the case of "Abolishing old doctors to remove obstacles in medical hygiene", which was passed by the First Central Health Committee of Shanghai Medical Association. In this environment, Yu Fengbin did not change his original intention, continued to advocate "getting rid of the shortcomings of old doctors and adopting the strengths of western medicine", and insisted on the method of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine for diagnosis and treatment, and published an interview with lung grass in Chinese Medical Journal in 1927.

In 1926, the British government expressed its willingness to return the G-sum according to the opinion of the British G-sum Advisory Committee, but it set many restrictions on the use of the G-sum. Yu Fengbin published the article "The Issue of Yinggeng Fund and Health Plan" in Chinese Medical Journal in time, and put forward specific suggestions on the use of Yinggeng Fund, demanding that it should be used to benefit the people of China. He suggested that the Geng fund could be used for: 1. Establishing a bacterial research institute; 2. Establish a health guidance office; 3. Establish a model hospital. He pointed out bluntly: "Our society really appreciates the kindness of the British government. If the use of Geng money is a policy of cultural aggression, and it is only a high-profile policy that cannot be actually returned, it will be more ill. " These words are still stirring when I read them today.

In 1926, Chinese and British representatives held two meetings in London on the Sino-British G-payment. After reaching an agreement, the two sides signed it.

However, the genius, a generation of doctors who deeply loved his country and nation, actively participated in the establishment of the Chinese Medical Association, presided over the examination and approval of medical terms, and made important contributions to the dissemination of public health knowledge, died on December 4, 1930 at the age of 46. Mr. Zou Taofen lamented: "It is unfortunate that a famous doctor should suffer from incurable diseases in the world. However, if you miss life for only a few decades, you can have no regrets about Mr. Lun’s contribution to society. " On March 15th, 1931, seven medical groups from China, including the Chinese Medical Association and the National Federation of Physicians, held a grand memorial meeting for Mr. Yu Fengbin in the auditorium of Shiji Hospital in Tibet Road. The huge elegiac couplet sent by the Chinese Medical Association hangs on the two sides of Mr. Wang’s legacy, and the elegiac couplet reads:

As a lecturer, he wrote diligently and fell in love with him for a long time. Unexpectedly, the bad news suddenly spread, which made the typical imagination empty.

Group learning, defining nouns, and pushing others by group flow. A long-term talent will never be relied upon, so it is impossible to lose sight of the middle road.

This is the most accurate and fair evaluation of Mr. Yu Fengbin, the pioneer of modern medicine in China.

Main reference: Dr. Yu Fengbin, an early famous activist of Chinese Medical Association by Xie Shusheng.

(Contributed by Taicang Shizhi Office)

　　CCTV News:The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a yellow rainstorm warning at 06: 00 on September 12. It is estimated that there will be heavy rainstorms in central and eastern Chongqing, northeastern Guizhou, southeastern Henan, southwestern and eastern Hubei, western Hunan, central Anhui, central Jiangsu, northwestern Jiangxi, northwestern and southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southwestern coast of Guangdong, and northern Hainan Island from 08: 00 on September 12 to 08: 00 on September 13. Among them, southeastern Chongqing, central Anhui, and northern Hainan Island. The maximum hourly rainfall in the above areas is 30 ~ 50 mm, and the local area can exceed 70 mm. There are also strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds.

　　Defense guide:

　　1, the government and relevant departments in accordance with their duties to do a good job of rainstorm prevention;

　　2. The traffic management department shall take traffic control measures in heavy rainfall sections according to the road conditions, and implement traffic guidance in waterlogged sections;

　　3, cut off the dangerous outdoor power supply in low-lying areas, suspend outdoor work in open places, and transfer people in dangerous areas and residents of dangerous houses to safe places to shelter from the rain;

　　4, check the city, farmland, fish pond drainage system, take the necessary drainage measures.

In the past many years, independent brand car manufacturers have always had a high-end dream, so when those models with relatively low prices have achieved good sales, they try to launch high-level new brands and new products with relatively higher prices, such as Lectra, WEY and Starway. However, there is also a brand, the situation is not the same. It is Tengshi Automobile established in 2010 by BYD and Mercedes-Benz, which should be regarded as the earliest joint venture brand of new energy vehicles in China.

However, Tengshi Automobile’s products have not achieved corresponding sales performance in the market, so the brand has been in a state of loss. From 2014 to 2019, it lost 260 million yuan, 570 million yuan, 1.3 billion yuan, 480 million yuan, 888 million yuan and 539 million yuan respectively, so it is hopeless to see Tengshi Automobile rise. In 2022, BYD and Mercedes-Benz will be among Tengshi Automobile. In other words, although Mercedes-Benz holds a 10% stake in Tengshi Automobile, it is only an investor and has no right to speak. Tengshi Automobile was almost abandoned by Mercedes-Benz.

However, in the past year of 2022, it was the most vigorous year for BYD. The sales volume climbed month by month, and the monthly sales volume finally exceeded the 200,000 mark, and it surpassed FAW-Volkswagen to become the first independent brand with the highest monthly sales volume of passenger cars for many years, and its epoch-making significance was highlighted. At the same time, the monthly sales volume of BYD Han series vehicles exceeded 30,000, and the monthly sales volume of BYD Tang series vehicles exceeded 10,000. The market and consumers have given enough trust to these two models with the attributes of domestic vehicles, new energy vehicles and mid-to high-end vehicles, which also makes it possible for BYD to make efforts again in the high-end market.

So BYD looked for an "export" in Tengshi brand, and launched Tengshi D9, a high-end new energy source, with a price of 335,800-465,800 yuan and an optional MPV model with pure electric and DM-i hybrid power systems. After the car came out, the market response was very good. Many consumers chose this model after comparing the MPV models of the same size and level of many joint venture brands, and the sales volume of this car.

In March 2023, the sales volume of Tengshi D9 exceeded 10,000, reaching 10,398, which should be the first domestic MPV model with a price of over 300,000 yuan and a monthly sales volume of over 10,000. It is a milestone product. The key detail is that according to official information, the average car purchase price of this car reached 415,000 yuan. The monthly sales volume of this product has exceeded 10,000 vehicles. It should be no problem to say that Tengshi brand has been saved by BYD, so the monthly sales volume of this car has exceeded 10,000, which is of greater significance to Tengshi brand.

What kind of product charm does Tengshi D9 have, and can quickly "save" Tengshi brand? First of all, Tengshi D9 is a typical medium and large MPV model, with a length of 5250mm and a wheelbase of 3110 mm. It has a 7-seat layout, and it performs quite well in the application of interior materials, configuration layout and vehicle space performance.

Of course, more importantly, this MPV model is equipped with BYD’s three-electric system, and the DM-i model is equipped with a 1.5T plug-in special engine+hybrid system. The minimum acceleration time of 100 kilometers can reach 7.9 seconds, and the minimum fuel consumption can reach 5.9L/100 kilometers. For such a large-sized MPV model, it can be said that it is necessary to have performance, fuel consumption economy and endurance anxiety.

The maximum cruising range of pure electric vehicles is 620 kilometers, and the acceleration time of 100 kilometers is the fastest 6.9 seconds. The unique "dual-port" fast charging,Effectively improve the use efficiency of the 166kW fast charging scene, and can replenish 230km in 15 minutes. This charging efficiency is still very high. Both DM-i hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles can guarantee very good NVH performance and ride comfort of power output, which is very important for mid-to high-end MPV vehicles.

On the intelligent level, Tengshi D9 is equipped with Tengshi Pilot intelligent assisted driving system, which has 24 sensors and 1 domain controller, and can realize functions such as intelligent navigation, highway assistance, visual fusion full-scene automatic parking, stop-and-go full-speed adaptive cruise, etc. The driving assistance ability is still relatively strong, and the convenience and safety of daily driving can also be greatly improved.

Therefore, in essence, Tengshi D9 is a medium and large MPV model with high cost performance, but it also highlights the sense of luxury, comfort and technology. Moreover, with BYD’s overall excellent performance in the field of new energy vehicles, many consumers are willing to try and accept mid-to high-end products such as Tengshi D9. It can be said that Tengshi D9 appeared at the right time, and Tengshi brand regained its momentum with this car, and then Tengshi N7.

On April 5, the season debut of the new workers’ sports set a new high of 53,898 people. On the same day, Shenhua’s foreign aid teixeira, harbor striker Lei Wu and Taishan naturalized player delgado staged another series of lore.

In the fourth round of the Super League, from the fiery degree of the ball market to the wonderful degree of the game, it was comprehensively improved. Next week, the Super League will usher in the first one-week double match of the new season. After entering the fast lane of the schedule, the Super League also looks forward to continuing its excitement.

Lei Wu

Average 3 goals per game to set a new season record.

A total of 24 goals were scored in the eight games of this round of Super League. Both Wuhan Sanzhen and Tianjin Jinmen Tiger fought back when they were 0-3 behind at home, and finally they stubbornly pulled back two goals and played two games 2-3.

However, the away game against Guoan in Haigang was also a big success. Lei Wu scored a header in the 6th minute of injury time to help Haigang draw 2-2.

There have been many "winner" in this round, and the 5th can be regarded as the winner’s night. First, the 98th minute of Shenhua’s guest’s battle against Yatai, teixeira’s long-range shot from outside the restricted area helped Shenhua to win a four-game winning streak 2-1, and Lei Wu’s tie also helped the seaport get a point.

In the Qilu Derby, delgado hit a melee in front of the 91st minute of the game, helping Taishan beat Manatee 1-0. On the afternoon of the 6th, Compagno, the foreign aid of Jinmen Tiger, scored two goals in the 92nd and 97th minutes of the Chengdu Rongcheng match.

Compagno

In addition to the lore, there have also been many world wave goals in this round. Oscar and Lei Wu staged a wonderful performance of Beckham’s corner kick to assist Scholes to score a goal from a long-range volley, and then Gujia immediately returned the favor with a wonderful long-range shot.

In addition, Jiang Zhipeng and teixeira’s long-range shots, as well as Ever’s free kick, were also very enjoyable.

It is worth mentioning that in this round of eight games, except for Guoan’s 2-2 draw with Haigang and Nantong’s 1-0 defeat with Meizhou, all the other six games were won by the visiting team.

Taishan beat Manatee 1-0 away, Shenhua beat Yatai 2-1, Shenzhen beat Henan 2-0, Qingdao beat Zhejiang 2-1, Cangzhou beat Sanzhen 3-2, and Rongcheng beat Jinmen Tiger 3-2.

The visiting teams have won one after another, and the unpopular ones are frequent, and the teams have also fought to the end to make a continuous contribution to the lore, which reflects the fierce competition of the teams in the Super League today and also reflects the momentum of the teams who dare to fight and fight.

Guoan fans cheered for the team.

The fiery degree of the ball market reached a new high.

In this round of Super League, the figures of single-round attendance and single-game attendance were refreshed again.

The total attendance in 8 games was 196,073, with an average attendance of 24,509, which was not only the highest this season, but also exceeded the highest attendance of 191,553 in 2023, which was the attendance record of the Super League since 2020.

It is worth noting that in this round of Super League, Chengdu Rongcheng, Shandong Taishan and Shanghai Shenhua, which ranked second, fourth and fifth in the ball market last season, are all away games.

The attendance of 53,898 people in Beijing Guoan reached a season high, surpassing the attendance data of 52,500 people in Guoan last season, which is also the highest attendance record in the Super League since the 2020 season.

While the number of fans in the Super League is steadily rising, the football culture is becoming more and more mature. In the match between Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Harbor, more than 50,000 Guoan fans, together with the visiting harbor fans, drew a sea of stars in the stadium with their mobile phones before the game to mourn the death of Guoan fan Yang Xue.

Guoan Club also permanently sealed Yang Xue’s seat, which is the temperature of the Super League and the embodiment of football rallying people’s hearts and guiding positive energy.

Football leagues at all levels in China are getting hotter and hotter.

Expeditionary force is also a shining part of the culture of Chinese Super League fans. On the evening of April 5, Qingdao Youth Football Stadium, Qingdao Manatee and Shandong Taishan’s "Qilu Derby" were staged, and the visiting team’s Shandong Taishan fans’ phalanx was as high as 4,762, which is also the highest attendance rate of away fans this season.

Previously, in the first round of the season, Cangzhou Lions played against Beijing Guoan, and 4,582 Guoan fans arrived in Cangzhou from Beijing, which also formed a spectacular visiting fan area.

In addition to the Super League, the markets of China A and China B are also full of heat. In the first round of China A League, there were 23,866 people in Guojing, Guangxiping. In the second round, there were 17,872 people in Yukun, Yunnan; In the third round, there were 18,441 seats in Yunnan Yukun and 23,118 seats in Dalian InBev.

In the fourth round, 25,351 people in Dalian Yingbo set a new record, and 13,632 people in Shijiazhuang Kung Fu. In the fifth round, there were 19,450 people in Yanbian Long Ding; In addition, the home attendance of Chongqing Tonglianglong and Liaoning Tieren is also more than 10,000. In the fourth round, League A achieved an average attendance of over 10,000, reaching 10,095 people.

China and B are equally hot. The attendance of Shaanxi United in the third round was as high as 22,726, and that of Hunan Xiangtao was as high as 12,846.

The second round of the "Xi ‘an Derby" jointly organized by Xi ‘an Chongde, Rong Hai and Shaanxi, with a seating capacity of 13,865; Shandong Taishan Jingangshan team and Tai ‘an Tianlong’s "Qilu Derby", Zoucheng’s home audience number is 10,680; The first round of Guangxi Lanhang and Guangxi Hengchen’s "Guangxi Derby" was attended by 16,074 people.

The enthusiasm of the fans witnessed the recovery of the professional league in China, and also reflected the attraction and strong vitality of the professional league.

The picture shows the venue of the 9th Congress of China Taxation Institute.

On October 30th, the 9th member congress of China Taxation Institute was held in Beijing. The meeting heard the work report, financial report and supervisor’s report of the eighth Council of China Taxation Institute, adopted the revised Articles of Association of China Taxation Institute, and elected the ninth Council. The Party Committee of the State Administration of Taxation attached great importance to this meeting, and Wang Jun, Party Secretary and Director, and leaders of Beijing Bureau attended the meeting.

Yao Laiying, member and deputy director of the Party Committee of the State Administration of Taxation, delivered a speech on behalf of the Party Committee of the State Administration of Taxation, expressing warm congratulations on the convening of the conference, and affirmed that since the establishment of the eighth Council, it has closely followed the practice of tax reform and development, walked in the same direction with the new journey of tax modernization, United and condensed the wisdom and strength of tax theory and practice, and pushed the work of the Institute to a new level. Yao Laiying pointed out that the new era and new journey have created brand-new opportunities, opened up a broad space and put forward higher requirements for tax academic research. The society and the vast number of tax researchers should be guided by the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, carry forward good traditions, good experience and good work style, base themselves on a new starting point, open up new situations and create new achievements. We should continue to use the Party’s innovative theory to gather our souls, launch more high-quality research results around the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and the work of tax centers, continue to build and improve Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s tax theory system, continue to enhance organizational cohesion, academic leadership, social credibility and international influence, better shoulder the mission and task of tax academic research, better play and expand the role of the Institute, and better serve the overall development.

Wang Kang, President of the Eighth Council of China Taxation Institute, made a work report to the conference, introduced the work of the Eighth Council in promoting its position and serving the overall situation, promoting academic exchanges and strengthening its own construction, and put forward suggestions for future work.

The General Assembly elected 163 directors, 53 executive directors and 1 supervisor of the Ninth Council. The new Council will adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, further obey those who serve the "great country", carry out academic exchanges on taxation with high standards, deepen the construction of tax think tanks with high quality, promote tax research to achieve fruitful results, and contribute to the modernization of taxation in China.

Cai Yu, Vice President of China Taxation Institute, presided over the meeting. Responsible comrades of the General Office of the State Administration of Taxation, the Personnel Department and other departments, relevant responsible comrades of china international taxation research institute and China Certified Tax Agents Association, tax societies of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, cities with separate plans and sub-provincial cities, and representatives of relevant scientific research institutes, universities and enterprises attended the meeting.

[car home] ] On November 12th, we obtained the official map of its small SUV——2025 (|) model from Baojun. As a redesigned model, the car will be equipped with Lingmu Zhijia 2.0 Max and will be listed at the Guangzhou Auto Show, which opened on November 15th. As an understanding, there are two models on sale, with prices of 93,800 and 103,800 respectively.

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the China Municipal Government, the General Office of the State Council issued the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Construction of the National Emergency Response System. The full text is as follows:

　　The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Construction of National Emergency Response System

　　This plan is formulated in accordance with the Emergency Response Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Outline of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant documents.

　　1 Status quo and situation

　　1.1 "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period construction results

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China’s emergency response system has made important progress, and its comprehensive ability to prevent and respond to emergencies has been significantly improved.

　　— — We will improve the emergency response mechanism for disaster relief under the overall guidance of the central government and the command of the local authorities nearby, and take responsibility at different levels and cooperate with each other. We will establish a post-disaster recovery and reconstruction mechanism under the overall guidance of the central government, with local authorities as the main body and extensive participation of the people in the disaster areas. We will establish a responsibility system for production safety in which the party and government share responsibility, one post and two responsibilities, make concerted efforts to manage and pursue responsibility for dereliction of duty. We will revise more than 5.5 million emergency plans and further improve the emergency management system.

　　— — The establishment of the National Early Warning Information Publishing Center and the National Emergency Broadcasting Center, the implementation of natural disaster prevention and mitigation projects, hidden dangers investigation and management projects, and the establishment of online public opinion and various emergency monitoring and early warning systems have significantly enhanced the ability to prevent emergencies.

　　— — Initially establish a national emergency platform system; 99% of county-level governments rely on public security and fire fighting forces to set up comprehensive emergency rescue teams, and armed police professional rescue forces are incorporated into the national emergency system, and national nuclear emergency rescue teams, national health emergency rescue teams, national mine emergency rescue teams, and national emergency surveying and mapping support teams are set up, so that emergency rescue and support capabilities are rapidly improved.

　　— — Major emergency facilities and equipment, such as AG600 large-scale fire fighting/water rescue amphibious aircraft, mobile bio-safety level III laboratory, large-scale and multi-functional rescue integration at rescue site, were successfully developed, the construction of national emergency industry demonstration base was carried out, and a number of related social organizations, such as China Emergency Management Society and China Safety Industry Association, were established, and the support capacity of science and technology and industry was strengthened.

　　— — We will promote the construction of grass-roots demonstration projects such as comprehensive disaster reduction demonstration communities, safety demonstration communities and comprehensive health emergency demonstration zones, initially establish a new national emergency media platform, extensively carry out popular science education and emergency drills, and further enhance the public’s awareness of disaster prevention and avoidance.

　　— — Actively participate in international emergency rescue and humanitarian emergency assistance, successfully organize and implement the large-scale evacuation of our personnel in Libya, assist West African countries in fighting Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and appease the families of passengers of Malaysia Airlines MH370 crashed passenger plane. Make full use of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ASEAN Regional Forum and other frameworks and mechanisms to continuously deepen international exchanges and cooperation in emergency management. China’s political and organizational advantages in coping with catastrophes have been widely recognized by the international community, and it has played an increasingly important and constructive role in international and regional emergency affairs.

　　Compared with the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the number of missing persons and direct economic losses caused by natural disasters decreased by 92.6% and 21.8% respectively, the number of production safety accidents and deaths decreased by 30.9% and 25% respectively, and the number of public health incidents and reported cases decreased by 48.5% and 68.1% respectively. In particular, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, China successfully responded to earthquake disasters such as Lushan in Sichuan, Ludian in Yunnan, Zhangxian in Min County, Gansu Province, basin floods in Songhua River in Northeast China and Heilongjiang, and the sinking of the passenger ship "Oriental Star". The "11 22" Sinopec Donghuang oil pipeline leakage and explosion accident in Qingdao, the "8 12" Ruihai dangerous goods warehouse accident in Tianjin Port and the "12 20" landslide accident in Shenzhen Guangming New District have effectively prevented and controlled human infections with sudden acute infectious diseases such as H5N1 avian influenza, H7N9 avian influenza, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebola hemorrhagic fever and plague. A series of serious emergencies, such as the "March 1" Kunming Railway Station and the "May 22" Urumqi serious violent terrorist attack, have been properly handled, and the emergency system has withstood severe tests and been continuously strengthened and improved in practice.

　　1.2 "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period facing the situation

　　The "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period is the decisive stage for China to build a well-off society in an all-round way. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council put the maintenance of public safety in a more prominent position, demanding that the concept of safe development should be firmly established, public safety should be regarded as the most basic livelihood, and an all-round and three-dimensional public safety net should be woven for the people to live and work in peace and contentment, social stability and order, and the country’s long-term stability. The construction of China’s emergency response system is facing new development opportunities. At the same time, we should also see that the current public security situation is severe and complicated, and further promoting the construction of emergency system is facing the challenges of increasing risks and overlapping contradictions.

　　Judging from the situation of unexpected events,Emergencies are still in a period of frequent occurrence. Earthquake, geological disasters, floods, droughts, extreme weather events, marine disasters, forest and grassland fires and other serious natural disasters are widely distributed, causing heavy losses and great difficulty in disaster relief; The total number of production safety accidents is still relatively large, and major accidents occur frequently in key industries such as road traffic, coal mining and dangerous chemicals. With the increase of service life, the hidden dangers of accidents gradually appear in some urban infrastructure such as buildings, lifeline projects and underground pipe networks. Sudden environmental pollution incidents caused by production safety accidents, pollutant discharge or natural disasters are frequent, endangering public life, health and property safety, threatening the ecological environment and causing significant social impact; Notifiable infectious diseases such as plague and cholera occur from time to time, and sudden acute infectious diseases appear continuously all over the world. The risk of imported infectious diseases and misuse of biotechnology is increasing, the foundation of food and drug safety is still weak, and it is more difficult to prevent and control public health incidents. The relationship between social interests is complicated, there are many factors inducing group events, and the security risks related to foreign affairs are increasing day by day, so social security is facing new challenges.

　　Judging from the complexity of emergencies,All kinds of risks are intertwined, showing the characteristics of natural and man-made disaster-causing factors interrelated, traditional and non-traditional security factors interacting, and existing social contradictions intertwined with emerging social contradictions. In the process of industrialization, urbanization, internationalization and informatization, the relevance, derivation, complexity and unconventional of emergencies are constantly increasing, and the trend of cross-regional and internationalization is becoming increasingly obvious and more harmful; With the rapid development of network new media, emergencies are echoed online and offline, and information is spread rapidly, which increases the difficulty of emergency response. At the same time, in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the public put forward higher requirements for the government to deal with emergencies in time and ensure public safety.

　　Judging from the development status of China’s emergency system,It is not adapted to the severe and complicated public security situation. Mainly manifested in: attaching importance to post-event disposal, ignoring pre-preparation, inadequate investigation and management of potential risks, imperfect laws and standards system, inadequate sharing of information resources, imperfect policy guarantee measures, and urgent need to strengthen the basic ability of emergency management; Emergency teams lack rescue equipment and core capabilities, and the professional and regional distribution structure is unbalanced; The structure of emergency materials reserve is unreasonable, the efficiency of rapid transportation and distribution is not high, the mechanism of resource sharing and emergency requisition compensation needs to be improved, the ability of emergency information release and dissemination is insufficient, the foundation of public safety science and technology innovation is weak, the conversion rate of achievements is not high, the market potential of emergency industry is far from being transformed into actual demand, and the emergency support ability needs to be further improved; China’s urban development has entered a new period, and the pressure on the construction of emergency management system adapted to urban security has increased; Grass-roots emergency response ability is weak, the degree of public participation in emergency management is low, public safety awareness and self-help and mutual rescue ability are generally weak, and the social coordinated response mechanism needs to be improved; With the implementation of the "Belt and Road" strategy and the construction of a new pattern of all-round opening up, the demand for protecting the safety of citizens and institutions outside China is growing, and the ability to participate in international emergency needs to be improved.

　　2 guiding ideology, basic principles and construction objectives

　　2.1 guiding ideology

　　Fully implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, take Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development as the guidance, thoroughly implement the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, firmly establish the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, and adhere to the goal and problem orientation according to the requirements of weaving an all-round and three-dimensional public safety network. Efforts should be made to supplement the shortcomings, weave the bottom net, strengthen the core, promote coordination, promote the legalization, standardization, refinement and informatization of emergency management, minimize emergencies and their losses, and provide security for building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　2.2 Basic principles

　　— —Adhere to the source management and move forward.Innovate emergency management systems and methods, and strengthen the combination of prevention and emergency, normal and abnormal; Strengthen risk identification and assessment, control risks and eliminate hidden dangers to the maximum extent, and promote the transformation of emergency management from emergency disposal to whole-process risk management.

　　— —Adhere to the bottom line thinking and be prepared.Focus on the most severe and complicated situation, deeply study the dynamic evolution law of the occurrence and development of emergencies, take the problem as the guide, put forward the needs of emergency prevention and emergency capacity building, make various emergency preparations in a targeted manner, and firmly grasp the initiative.

　　— —Adhere to resource integration and highlight key points.On the basis of making full use of the existing emergency rescue and support resources of the government and society, we should sort out the needs of departments and localities, rationally plan the construction contents that need to be further supplemented, improved and strengthened, focus on improving the information and resource sharing mechanism, and improve the core emergency rescue capabilities, social coordinated response capabilities and grassroots basic capabilities.

　　— —Adhere to scientific response and legal protection.Respect nature and laws, proceed from reality, innovate scientific and technological means and methods, and improve the scientific level of emergency management; Improve laws and regulations, strengthen standards and norms, and improve the decision-making mechanism according to law.

　　— —Adhere to government leadership and social coordination.Improve government governance, pay more attention to the role of market mechanism, fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the masses, and strengthen social participation; We will improve the linkage mechanism of all parties and strengthen regional coordination, urban-rural coordination, industry coordination, military-civilian coordination and emergency response coordination.

　　— —Adhere to the global vision and win-win cooperation.Serve the new all-round opening pattern led by the "Belt and Road" and improve the ability to protect Chinese citizens and institutions abroad; Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in emergency management, actively assume international responsibilities and obligations, and constructively participate in international emergency affairs.

　　2.3 Construction objectives

　　2.3.1 Overall objective

　　By 2020, an emergency response system will be established that matches the challenge of effectively responding to public safety risks, meets the requirements of building a well-off society in an all-round way, covers the whole process of emergency management and involves the whole society. The basic ability of emergency management will be continuously improved, the core emergency rescue ability will be significantly enhanced, the comprehensive emergency support ability will be comprehensively strengthened, the social coordinated response ability will be significantly improved, the foreign-related emergency response ability will be strengthened, the emergency management system will be further improved, and the emergency management level will reach a new level.

　　2.3.2 Classification objectives

　　Corresponding to the overall objectives and main tasks, the planning classification objectives of key construction areas during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period are determined according to the principles of relevance, pertinence, comprehensiveness, realizability, decomposition and implementation, and combination of qualitative and quantitative.

　　— — The basic ability of emergency management has been continuously improved. The emergency risk management and control system was basically formed, and the public safety risk assessment was completed and the public safety risk list was compiled; The resilience of urban and rural communities and infrastructure has been steadily improved, and emergency shelters have met the emergency shelter needs of permanent residents; The standardization of emergency management capacity in towns (streets) and the construction of emergency service stations (points) in administrative villages (communities) have basically achieved full coverage.

　　— — The core emergency rescue capability has been significantly enhanced. The personnel and equipment of the national emergency rescue team meet the needs of actual work, the prevention and control system of sudden acute infectious diseases is basically sound, and the three-dimensional medical rescue network of land, sea and air is basically formed.

　　— — Comprehensive emergency support capabilities have been comprehensively strengthened. The support capability of the emergency platform has been further enhanced, a three-dimensional emergency communication service support network integrating heaven and earth and sharing with each other has been basically formed, and the comprehensive support capability of emergency materials has been rapidly improved.

　　— — The ability of social coordination and coping has improved significantly. With the rapid development of professional emergency volunteers, the output value of the emergency industry has increased substantially, and new technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data and Beidou navigation have been widely used in the emergency field.

　　— — The emergency management system was further improved. The system of emergency management laws, regulations and standards has been further improved; The emergency management mechanism of emergency prevention and emergency preparedness, monitoring and early warning, emergency disposal and rescue, recovery and reconstruction is more perfect; Emergency plan management is more standardized, and the pertinence and operability of the plan are further improved; A cross-regional emergency management cooperation pattern that meets the needs of regional coordinated development and public security situation has basically taken shape.

　　3 Main tasks

　　3.1 Strengthen the basic capacity building of emergency management.

　　Improve the emergency risk management and control system, strengthen the resilience of urban and rural communities and infrastructure, improve the monitoring and early warning service system, strengthen the capacity building of urban and grassroots emergency management, and enhance the basic ability and level of emergency management.

　　3.1.1 Improve the emergency risk management and control system.

　　3.1.1.1 has established and improved the standards and norms for emergency risk assessment, carried out emergency risk assessment, established and improved the database of major risks and hidden dangers, and realized dynamic management in the whole process of identification, assessment, monitoring, early warning and disposal of various major risks and hidden dangers. Actively promote the standardization of emergency risk management and control in villages, communities, enterprises and industrial parks, so that there are personnel, systems, plans, drills and guarantees, and gradually realize the grid management of emergency risks in the country.

　　3.1.1.2 carried out a national comprehensive risk survey of natural disasters, and compiled natural disaster risk maps and comprehensive zoning maps of national, provincial, municipal and county-level administrative units in disaster-prone areas. Promote the investigation and evaluation of natural disaster risk and comprehensive disaster reduction capacity in big cities and urban agglomerations and major engineering project construction areas.

　　3.1.1.3 has strengthened the system of risk management and control of production safety, investigation and management of hidden dangers, informatization of production safety supervision and capacity building of supervision. Strengthen the safety supervision and risk control of important facilities and equipment such as oil and gas pipelines, high-voltage transmission lines and special equipment, and industries such as railway transportation, waterway transportation, road traffic, urban public transport and rail transit, dangerous chemicals, coal mines, non-coal mines and fireworks.

　　3.1.1.4 builds a whole-process and multi-level environmental risk prevention system and implements the whole-process management of environmental risks. Strengthen the capacity building of environmental and health risk assessment of toxic and harmful chemicals; Strengthen risk early warning and prevention and control in key areas such as heavily polluted weather, water pollution in key river basins, drinking water source pollution, cultivated land pollution, hazardous waste pollution, radioactive pollution and toxic and harmful gas release; Improve the early warning and prevention and control system of environmental risks in industrial parks.

　　3.1.1.5 has improved the system of public health, food and drug safety inspection and risk prevention and control, improved the ability of early prevention and timely detection of sudden acute infectious diseases, major animal and plant epidemics, food safety emergencies, adverse drug reactions, medical device adverse events and agricultural product quality and safety emergencies, and strengthened risk communication.

　　3.1.1.6 has improved the three-dimensional social security prevention and control system and built a basic comprehensive service management platform; Improve the interest coordination mechanism, appeal expression mechanism and contradiction mediation system, and improve the social stability risk assessment mechanism for major decisions.

　　3.1.1.7 has improved the national network security system, improved the risk prevention and control capability of key information infrastructure, and ensured the safe and smooth operation of business systems in basic industries such as finance, electric power, communication and transportation.

　　3.1.2 Improve the resilience of urban and rural communities and infrastructure.

　　In accordance with the principle of giving consideration to safety and economy, 3.1.2.1 has improved the comprehensive disaster prevention planning for urban and rural areas, upgraded the disaster fortification standards for key infrastructure, and made overall plans to promote the construction of the anti-damage and rapid recovery support capacity for infrastructure such as transportation, water conservancy, communication, water supply, power supply, gas supply, heating, radio and television.

　　3.1.2.2 has further promoted the renovation of dilapidated buildings in rural areas and old urban residential areas, strengthened hidden dangers management and seismic reinforcement, and improved safety performance.

　　3.1.2.3 implemented the national standard of Code for Design of Disaster Prevention Shelters, combined with regional and urban-rural construction and development planning, and accelerated the construction of various emergency shelters at all levels according to disaster characteristics, population distribution and urban-rural layout.

　　3.1.2.4 strictly restricts the management of pollution intake in water functional areas and the supervision of sewage outlets entering rivers and lakes, strengthens the construction of major water diversion projects, key water source projects and key projects for river and lake management, strengthens the management of major water diversion projects and emergency water dispatching in important inter-provincial river basins, further promotes the management of small and medium-sized rivers, the construction of small and medium-sized reservoirs and other small water conservancy facilities, and improves the ability of flood control, drought relief and water security.

　　3.1.2.5 has strengthened the disaster prevention capacity building of important infrastructure such as railways, highways, ports, waterways and transmission lines, and improved its ability to resist extreme weather such as typhoon, freezing, rainstorm (snow), lightning, gale and fog.

　　3.1.2.6 has strengthened the construction of emergency roads and barrier systems for forest and grassland fire prevention, and promoted the basic capacity building of desertification land control and forest pest control in sandstorm source areas and sandstorm path areas.

　　3.1.2.7 strengthens the construction of disaster prevention and mitigation system for agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, improves disaster prevention standards for agricultural production facilities, and enhances the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery and its ability to cope with climate change.

　　3.1.2.8 has strengthened the construction, management, maintenance and risk assessment of roads in rural and mountainous areas, especially in areas prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and mudslides, improved the traffic safety risk release mechanism, and improved the disaster prevention and security capabilities of road infrastructure.

　　3.1.2.9 strictly implements the safety standards for the planning, design and construction of enterprise production facilities, and scientifically plans and arranges mines, hazardous chemicals production, storage and loading and unloading areas, and oil and gas pipelines; Implementation of urban densely populated areas and environmentally sensitive areas of hazardous chemicals enterprises production, storage safety and environmental protection relocation project, according to the law to rectify the closure of poor security conditions of small coal mines, small metal non-metallic mines, small fireworks and firecrackers enterprises, from the source to eliminate potential safety hazards.

　　3.1.3 Improve the emergency monitoring and early warning service system.

　　3.1.3.1 will strengthen the infrastructure construction of meteorological and hydrological monitoring and forecasting in key areas, and improve the ability of forecasting and early warning of medium and small-scale severe convective weather, typhoons, rainstorms and other geological disasters, floods and other secondary disasters that may be caused by them.

　　3.1.3.2 will further improve the seismic network and enhance the ability of earthquake tracking and monitoring; Implement the national earthquake intensity quick report and early warning project, and vigorously promote the application of earthquake early warning and emergency disposal technology for major engineering facilities such as nuclear facilities, oil and gas pipelines, large petrochemical enterprises, high-speed rail and urban rail transit; Strengthen the capacity building of submarine seismic monitoring in the sea areas under our jurisdiction.

　　3.1.3.3 makes full use of existing projects and resources, improves monitoring means such as satellites, airplanes, ships and stations, establishes a real-time online monitoring system for marine environment, and improves the early warning capability of marine disasters, oil spills on offshore platforms and Marine pollution detection.

　　3.1.3.4 has improved the monitoring network of agricultural and forestry disasters, established pest monitoring stations and wildlife epidemic monitoring stations covering the whole country, and improved animal and plant inspection and quarantine and epidemic monitoring and early warning systems. Establish a monitoring and early warning network for alien invasive organisms, improve the entry-exit biological safety inspection mechanism, and effectively prevent alien biological invasion.

　　3.1.3.5 has accelerated the construction of forest and grassland fire observation platform and video monitoring system, and improved the capabilities of satellite remote sensing fire monitoring, aerial patrol and ground patrol.

　　3.1.3.6 has established and improved the national environmental safety dynamic monitoring and early warning system, and promoted the construction of real-time online environmental monitoring and control system and environmental protection big data. Improve the information reporting and disclosure mechanism of environmental emergencies.

　　3.1.3.7 implements the information construction project of safety production, realizes the integration of government supervision and law enforcement, online monitoring of enterprises and early warning and prevention and control information, and enhances the monitoring capability of major hazard sources.

　　3.1.3.8 has strengthened the capacity building of monitoring traffic safety information such as national trunk highway network, high-speed railway network, inland river high-grade waterway network, air transportation and satellite communication, so as to realize dynamic monitoring of operation status. Strengthen the monitoring of large passenger flow in public transportation and crowded places.

　　3.1.3.9 has strengthened prevention and early warning measures for sudden acute infectious diseases, continuously improved monitoring means, improved risk assessment and reporting system, promoted the construction of rapid detection technology platform for sudden acute infectious diseases, and improved the ability of timely detection and scientific early warning.

　　3.1.3.10 has improved the information direct reporting of food safety emergencies and the public opinion monitoring network system, integrated the data of food safety risk monitoring, supervision and sampling inspection, edible agricultural products risk monitoring and supervision and sampling inspection, established and improved the early warning analysis model and system, and improved the food safety monitoring and early warning ability.

　　3.1.3.11 has established and improved the dynamic monitoring and early warning system of financial risks, strengthened the monitoring of Internet finance, private equity investment funds and other emerging markets, strengthened the emergency response capacity building of emerging financial formats, improved the working mechanism for preventing and handling illegal fund-raising, optimized the risk hidden danger identification and early warning function of cross-market data exchange platform, and ensured the stable operation of the national financial system.

　　3.1.3.12 has improved the emergency early warning information release system of "classified management, graded early warning, platform sharing and standardized release", broadened the channels of early warning information release, strengthened the ability of accurate release for specific regions and specific people, and improved the coverage, accuracy and timeliness of early warning information release.

　　3.1.3.13 promotes the construction of national emergency broadcasting system, upgrades transmission coverage network, arranges emergency broadcasting terminals, and improves disaster tolerance and resilience; Improve the emergency information collection and release mechanism, realize the effective docking with the emergency early warning information release system, improve the national emergency broadcasting system operation system and related standards and norms, and enhance the public-oriented emergency information dissemination ability.

　　3.1.4 Strengthen the risk management of urban public safety.

　　3.1.4.1 promotes urban public safety risk assessment, encourages the compilation of urban public safety risk list, forms a "map" of urban risks based on geographic information system, and monitors major risk sources in real time.

　　3.1.4.2 promotes the life-cycle risk management of lifeline engineering, and does a good job in risk assessment and safety supervision of buildings, urban bridges, building curtain walls, slopes (high cut slopes), urban rail transit (tunnels and elevated structures), underground utility tunnel, pipelines, elevators and large amusement facilities.

　　3.1.4.3 actively and orderly promotes the construction of urban infrastructure such as sponge city, underground utility tunnel, civil air defense project and urban emergency water source, and improves the risk management, monitoring, early warning and emergency response mechanism to improve the comprehensive disaster prevention capability of the city.

　　3.1.4.4 implements the urban grid management mode combining normal and emergency management, establishes and improves the urban emergency management unit, and standardizes the standardized operation process of grid inspection. Combined with the construction of smart cities, improve the grid management information platform, strengthen the function of emergency prediction and early warning, find the signs of emergencies in time, and improve the timeliness of early disposal.

　　3.1.4.5 explores and improves the comprehensive emergency management mode of urban emergency linkage, strengthens the construction of urban emergency command and dispatch platform and emergency linkage working mechanism, improves the ability of multi-department joint coordination, and realizes unified dispatch, departmental linkage, resource sharing, rapid response and efficient disposal.

　　3.1.5 Strengthen the emergency management capacity at the grass-roots level.

　　3.1.5.1 continues to promote the construction of grass-roots emergency teams. Relying on local superior rescue forces and militia, we will promote the construction of a comprehensive township emergency team that combines full-time and multi-functional, and strengthen communication and other equipment and material reserves. We will develop a team of emergency information officers such as disaster information officers, meteorological information officers, group monitoring and prevention officers, food and drug safety liaison officers, grid officers, etc., strengthen comprehensive business training, encourage "one member with multiple roles", and give necessary financial subsidies. Strengthen the construction of militia emergency forces.

　　3.1.5.2 has carried out the standardization construction of emergency management capacity at the grassroots level in towns (streets) with teams, mechanisms, plans, teams, materials and training drills as the main contents, promoted the construction of emergency service stations (points) in administrative villages (communities) with facilities, equipment and materials and working systems as the main contents, promoted the development and popularization of mobile client software for the public and grassroots emergency personnel, and strengthened grassroots risk assessment and hidden danger investigation.

　　3.1.5.3 standardizes the establishment of "safe community", "comprehensive disaster reduction demonstration community", "fire safety community", "earthquake safety demonstration community", "comprehensive health emergency demonstration community" and "safe community", and improves the relevant standards and norms for the establishment to improve the standardization level of community emergency.

　　3.2 Strengthen the core emergency rescue capacity building

　　Strengthen the emergency capacity building of public security, military and armed police assault forces, support the construction of professional emergency teams in key industries, form the core force of China’s emergency response, and undertake the mission of emergency rescue.

　　3.2.1 Strengthen the construction of emergency rescue assault force.

　　3.2.1.1 has carried out the standardization construction of comprehensive emergency rescue teams at provincial, city and county levels, strengthened the allocation of rescue personnel, equipment, daily training, logistics support and assessment, improved the rapid mobilization mechanism, and improved the team’s comprehensive emergency rescue capability.

　　3.2.1.2 has strengthened the construction of the special police team, strengthened the equipment such as riot control and attack protection, and improved the emergency response, anti-terrorism and stability of the special police. Strengthen the construction of emergency response teams in key urban police stations.

　　3.2.1.3 has strengthened the construction of marine police’s emergency capability, improved maritime communication and emergency command system, and improved the ability to deal with maritime emergencies.

　　3.2.1.4 has strengthened the construction of public security fire fighting and armed police hydropower, transportation, forest forces and chemical defense forces, and strengthened its ability to carry out diversified and specialized emergency rescue tasks in various special environments and complex conditions.

　　3.2.1.5 has further strengthened the construction of the army’s non-war military operational capability, improved the rapid deployment mechanism of the national emergency professional team of the army, and improved the coordinated command and support level of the emergency rescue army and the ground. Accelerate the construction of national earthquake disaster rescue teams in the southwest and northwest regions.

　　3.2.2 Improve professional emergency rescue capability in key industries.

　　Relying on large-scale enterprises, industrial parks and public security fire emergency rescue forces, 3.2.2.1 has built a national-level emergency rescue base and team for hazardous chemicals, promoted the construction of regional emergency rescue teams for hazardous chemicals, strengthened the construction of emergency rescue teams for hazardous chemicals production, storage and transportation enterprises, equipped with experts and special equipment, strengthened emergency response technical and tactical training drills, and improved emergency response capabilities such as hazardous chemicals leakage detection, substance screening, plugging, fire fighting, explosion prevention, transportation and decontamination. Strengthen the construction of emergency rescue bases and teams for oil and gas pipelines.

　　3.2.2.2 strengthens the capacity building of water emergency rescue and salvage. Efforts will be made to strengthen the construction of coastal and inland river supervision and rescue bases such as the "Belt and Road", Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, vigorously promote the capacity building of search and rescue and maritime support in the deep sea and offshore areas such as the South China Sea, and improve the spatial layout; Strengthen the communication monitoring and command system, mobile forces such as aircraft and ships, and the allocation of rescue and salvage equipment, and increase the saturated diving mother ship with a protection depth of 500 meters, as well as marine rescue vessels and deep-sea scanning and salvage equipment that can participate in global maritime search and rescue operations.

　　3.2.2.3 speeds up the construction of national maritime oil spill emergency response capacity. Improve the marine oil spill emergency team system; Construction of coastal oil spill emergency materials and equipment library, equipped with professional oil spill emergency ships, to improve the ability of oil spill emergency clearance.

　　3.2.2.4 has built a national nuclear accident emergency rescue team, which has formed the ability of sudden rescue and emergency disposal of major nuclear accidents under complex conditions; Guide and promote the construction of nuclear accident emergency rescue team in nuclear power enterprises and the standardization of provincial nuclear emergency capability. We will build a national nuclear emergency professional technical support center and a national nuclear emergency training base, promote the construction of military-civilian nuclear safety laboratories and technology research and development, and basically form a nuclear emergency technical support system with complete specialties, complete functions and effective support.

　　3.2.2.5 will build a national railway emergency rescue base, improve the level of railway rescue equipment and rescue capacity, and gradually bring railway rescue into the social emergency rescue system.

　　3.2.2.6 strengthens the construction of prevention and control team for sudden acute infectious diseases; Promote rapid laboratory testing, promote the construction of biosafety level 4 laboratories, improve the national detection platform for sudden acute infectious diseases and the network of high-level biosafety laboratories, and strengthen the comprehensive detection of known pathogens of sudden acute infectious diseases and the rapid screening of unknown pathogens.

　　3.2.2.7 promotes the construction of national emergency medical rescue bases and regional emergency medical rescue centers, and builds a three-dimensional, comprehensive and specialized emergency medical rescue network. Improve emergency medical rescue teams at all levels, optimize the layout of national health emergency teams, and establish a long-term mechanism for team operation and maintenance; Promote the construction of tent-like on-site health emergency disposal center, strengthen the ability of long-distance air delivery and self-protection under extreme conditions; Improve the national health emergency site disposal guidance expert database, and gradually build national and provincial emergency psychological intervention rescue teams. Encourage the strengthening of aviation medical rescue and transshipment capacity building.

　　3.2.2.8 has strengthened the capacity building of food safety emergency inspection and testing, determined a number of food safety emergency inspection and testing centers (laboratories) based on existing institutions, strengthened equipment, established a green channel for emergency inspection and testing, and improved the rapid detection capacity.

　　3.2.2.9 strengthens the capacity building of nuclear, chemical and biological substance monitoring, on-site screening and laboratory analysis, and improves the capacity of biological threat monitoring and early warning, detection and identification, emergency response and prevention and control.

　　3.3 Strengthen the comprehensive emergency support capacity building

　　Make overall use of social resources, accelerate the application of new technologies, promote the capacity building of emergency coordination support, and further improve the emergency platform, emergency communication, emergency materials and emergency transportation support system.

　　3.3.1 Improve the support capacity of emergency platform.

　　3.3.1.1 continued to promote the construction of the government’s comprehensive emergency platform system. Improve the standards and specifications for the construction of emergency platform system; Strengthen the construction of emergency basic database; Promote interconnection, data exchange, system docking and information resource sharing among emergency platforms; Strengthen the development of application software of emergency platform, and improve the functions of intelligent auxiliary command and decision-making of emergency platform; Strengthen the construction of terminal information collection capacity of grass-roots emergency platform, and realize the rapid submission of emergency videos, images, disasters and other information. Promote the application of "internet plus" in emergency platform.

　　3.3.1.2 strengthens the construction of departmental emergency platform. Promote the construction of national emergency geographic information sharing platform, hazardous chemicals supervision information platform, special equipment risk early warning and emergency disposal information platform, environmental protection report comprehensive management platform, health emergency command center, major network security incident emergency command platform and other professional emergency platforms, and improve the ability of emergency professional information collection, emergency decision-making and command and dispatch.

　　3.3.1.3 promotes the "One Map" construction of emergency information resources based on "Sky Map". Based on the "Sky Map" of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information System, the relevant emergency information resources catalogue and technical standards and specifications are formulated, the visual display system of emergency geographic information is developed, and the long-term working mechanism of data exchange, maintenance and updating with the participation of relevant departments is established, and the basic geographic information is spatially integrated with the data of potential risks, protection targets, teams and materials of professional departments, and a "one map" of emergency information resources is explored.

　　3.3.2 Strengthen the emergency communication support capability.

　　3.3.2.1 builds a public emergency satellite communication system based on the national civil space infrastructure construction; Strengthen the overall planning of satellite emergency private networks of various departments, make overall use of satellite resources needed for emergency systems, and improve the support capacity and intensive level of satellite emergency communication services.

　　3.3.2.2 has strengthened the construction of multi-routing, multi-node and key infrastructure disaster-tolerant backup system for public communication networks, and built a certain number of super base stations with strong towers, double backup of power supply and double routing of optical cables and satellites in disaster-prone areas, important cities and surrounding areas of nuclear facilities, so as to enhance the disaster prevention and resilience of public communication networks.

　　3.3.2.3 has improved the equipment configuration of the national emergency communication professional support team, and supported all kinds of professional rescue teams and emergency agencies at the grass-roots level to be equipped with small portable emergency communication terminals.

　　3.3.2.4 has formulated interconnection standards for on-site emergency communication of different types of communication systems, researched and developed emergency communication means based on 4G/5G, accelerated the construction of urban broadband digital trunking private network system based on 1.4G frequency band, and strengthened radio frequency management to meet the business needs of mass data, high-bandwidth video transmission and wireless emergency communication in emergency situations.

　　3.3.3 Improve the emergency material support system.

　　3.3.3.1 strengthens the construction of emergency material guarantee system, and improves the management system of emergency material physical reserve, social reserve and production capacity reserve; We will promote the construction of an integrated information management system for emergency materials, improve the mechanisms for emergency production, government procurement, storage and rotation, and transfer of emergency materials, and improve the comprehensive coordination, classification and grading support capabilities of emergency materials.

　　3.3.3.2 explores to build or certify a number of comprehensive emergency materials storage depots in areas with convenient transportation and wide radiation range, and gradually realize the integration, co-construction and sharing of storage resources and emergency materials, and rapid transportation.

　　3.3.3.3 explored various economic means such as pre-signing contracts, disaster insurance, implementing tax policies, and setting up funds to build a socialized emergency material security system and realize the comprehensive utilization of social resources. Encourage enterprises, social organizations and families to reserve emergency supplies.

　　3.3.3.4 has improved the central and local disaster relief material storage system and accelerated the formation of a four-level disaster relief material storage network at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels; Strengthen the capacity building of emergency materials such as safety production emergency rescue equipment, earthquake emergency rescue professional equipment and materials, and public security emergency equipment and materials.

　　3.3.3.5 has established and improved the standard of urban emergency materials reserve, strengthened the reserve of urban emergency materials and equipment such as flood control, drainage and waterlogging prevention, emergency repair of lifeline system, emergency water supply, and living security, and combined with the characteristics of local risks and disasters, supplemented the reserve varieties and increased the reserve quantity.

　　3.3.4 Improve the emergency transportation support capacity.

　　3.3.4.1 continues to improve emergency transport capacity reserves such as railways, highways, waterways and civil aviation, establish and improve emergency transport compensation mechanisms such as dispatching and requisition, strengthen the capacity building of emergency traffic, and further improve emergency transport capacity.

　　Relying on air transport resources such as the army, armed police and maritime search and rescue, 3.3.4.2 has improved the national air emergency transport service team system and enhanced the emergency transport capacity of personnel and materials. Strengthen the construction of aviation emergency service bases in disaster-prone areas.

　　3.3.4.3 has studied and explored the socialized reserve mechanism of air transport capacity, and supported and encouraged general aviation enterprises to increase helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles and related professional equipment with emergency rescue capability by means of entrusted agent construction, capacity co-construction, service purchase and insurance coverage, so as to play their roles in the fields of emergency rescue, disaster relief and medical rescue.

　　3.3.4.4 should establish and improve the emergency logistics system, make full use of the existing resources of national reserves and various social logistics resources, strengthen the construction of emergency logistics bases and distribution centers, and gradually establish a multi-level emergency materials transit distribution network; Vigorously promote the unitization development of emergency materials storage and transportation equipment, accelerate the formation of emergency logistics standard system, and gradually realize the standardization, modularization and efficiency of emergency logistics. Make full use of logistics information platform, Internet, big data and other technologies to improve the ability of emergency logistics control.

　　3.4 Strengthen the capacity building of social coordinated response.

　　Strengthen the public’s ability of self-defense, self-defense, self-help and mutual rescue, support and guide social forces to participate in emergency rescue operations in a standardized and orderly manner, and improve the social coordinated prevention and response system for emergencies.

　　3.4.1 Improve the public’s ability of self-help and mutual aid.

　　3.4.1.1 promotes public safety publicity and education into enterprises, communities, schools, rural areas and families; Carry out professional training on rescue ability of employees in transportation, tourism, education and other industries; Strengthen the training of public safety knowledge and skills in universities, primary and secondary schools; Give full play to the role of public safety publicity activities such as "National Safety Education Day for Primary and Secondary School Students", "May 12th Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Day", "World First Aid Day", "119th National Fire Day", "122nd National Traffic Safety Day" and "Safe Production Month", organize various activities to identify potential risks around us, popularize public safety knowledge, and enhance public awareness of emergency prevention and self-help and mutual rescue ability.

　　3.4.1.2 established a standardized base for mass emergency rescue training and strengthened emergency skills training with self-help and mutual rescue as the core; We will promote mass emergency drills in communities, enterprises, schools and crowded places, such as evacuation and escape, and emergency avoidance.

　　3.4.1.3 has built a number of public safety education bases relying on existing facilities such as science and technology venues, disaster ruins parks, emergency training and drills bases, civil air defense publicity and education places, and amusement experience facilities. Support enterprises to build public-oriented training drills and self-help and mutual rescue experience halls.

　　3.4.1.4 relies on resources such as the national emergency broadcasting system and the popular science China service cloud, and adopts information technology means such as big data and cloud computing to build an online popular science education platform and an emergency virtual experience hall; Construction of standardized emergency knowledge popular science database.

　　3.4.1.5 gives full play to the propaganda and education functions of traditional media such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines, and new media such as WeChat and Weibo, and encourages the development and production of TV feature films, open classes, micro-videos, public service advertisements, animation games, etc., so as to enhance the knowledge, interest and interactivity of emergency science education and improve the cultural quality of public safety emergency.

　　3.4.2 Support and guide the development of social emergency forces.

　　3.4.2.1 encourages the development of socialized emergency rescue. Support the development of specialized social emergency rescue forces, and encourage professional social workers and self-built emergency rescue teams of enterprises to provide paid social rescue services; Improve the coordination mechanism between the government and social rescue forces, and support and guide social forces to participate in emergency rescue operations in an orderly and effective manner through the forms of government purchasing services, signing "service agreements" with enterprises, and building collaborative service platforms.

　　3.4.2.2 encourages the development of social intermediary services for emergency management. Establish a social intermediary service system with the participation of industry associations, safety assessment institutions, technical consulting institutions and insurance institutions, and support them to carry out activities such as risk assessment, hidden danger monitoring and management, management consulting, emergency inspection, education and training; Support the establishment of specialized emergency management service enterprises.

　　3.4.2.3 strengthens the construction of emergency volunteer service laws and regulations, and clarifies the scope of emergency volunteer service and the rights and obligations of volunteers; Improve the working mechanism of volunteers and volunteer service organizations participating in emergency response, improve the recruitment, registration, skills training and management of volunteers, and guide volunteers and volunteer service organizations to participate in emergency rescue and services in an orderly manner; Encourage the development of professional emergency volunteers, and improve the ability and professional level of emergency volunteer service in China.

　　3.4.2.4 has established and improved the social mobilization mechanism for emergency response, given full play to the role of the public in information reporting and assistance in rescue, and guided the public to participate in emergency rescue operations for major emergencies in an orderly manner.

　　3.4.2.5 studies and develops the construction of emergency management credit system. Establish a credit system and credit records of various subjects in emergency material procurement, emergency requisition, voluntary donation, disaster relief and recovery and reconstruction, and incorporate them into the national credit information sharing platform, so as to promote the healthy development of social emergency forces by encouraging trustworthiness and punishing dishonesty.

　　3.4.3 Strengthen the scientific and technological support capacity of emergency management.

　　3.4.3.1 strengthens the construction of emergency management related disciplines, strengthens the training of teachers and improves the curriculum; Develop emergency management academic education and on-the-job education, and cultivate emergency management professionals.

　　3.4.3.2 has improved the scientific and technological support system for public safety, and strengthened the capacity building of relevant key laboratories, engineering centers, research centers, evaluation centers, testing and inspection centers and other scientific and technological support platforms to meet the major needs of emergency management.

　　3.4.3.3 has increased investment in scientific research on public safety and emergency management, strengthened research on common basic scientific issues between public safety and emergency management, and carried out scientific and technological research, equipment development and application demonstration in key directions such as prevention and control of urban public safety risks, safety production guarantee and major accident prevention and control, social security monitoring, early warning and control, emergency medical rescue and prevention and control of sudden acute infectious diseases, national major infrastructure security guarantee, comprehensive emergency technical equipment and intelligent emergency response.

　　3.4.4 Vigorously promote the healthy development of emergency industry.

　　3.4.4.1 establishes emergency industry statistical system and operation monitoring and analysis index system; The establishment of emergency industry contact point mechanism, to carry out dynamic monitoring of the development of emergency industry.

　　3.4.4.2 has established and improved the standard system of emergency products and emergency services; Improve the standards of emergency facilities and equipment for mines, dangerous chemicals production and operation sites, high-rise buildings, schools, hospitals, emergency shelters and means of transportation; Improve the equipment standards of various emergency rescue bases and teams.

　　3.4.4.3 actively promotes the open sharing of emergency scientific and technological resources and information resources, and encourages and guides relevant enterprises, universities and research institutes to build platforms for mass entrepreneurship and innovation, so as to better connect emergency services, technologies and products with market demand.

　　3.4.4.4 formulated the development and cultivation plan of emergency industry. Support the development, production, popularization and application of the first set of emergency special equipment; Organize the promotion and demonstration of major emergency products and services, and vigorously promote the application of Beidou navigation system in monitoring, early warning and emergency rescue; Actively guide enterprises to develop emergency industries in resolving excess capacity; Build a number of national emergency industry demonstration bases, support the construction of "safety valley" of large enterprise groups in emergency industry, form a regional emergency industrial chain, and lead the development of national emergency technology and equipment research and development, emergency product manufacturing and emergency service gathering.

　　3.4.4.5 uses catalogues, lists and other forms to clarify the development direction of emergency products and services, and guide social resources to invest in advanced, applicable, safe and reliable emergency products and services; Formulate guiding opinions to promote the government to purchase emergency services, and promote the specialization, marketization and scale of emergency services.

　　3.4.4.6 strengthens the publicity and promotion of emergency industry, and exchanges and promotes emergency products and services through exhibitions, forums and special promotional films.

　　3.4.4.7 established China Emergency Industry Association, actively developed emergency industry alliance and other organizations, and strengthened industry self-discipline.

　　3.5 Further improve the emergency management system.

　　Continue to promote the construction of emergency management system with "one case, three systems" as the core, and improve the emergency management standard system.

　　3.5.1 Improve the emergency management laws, regulations and standard system.

　　3.5.1.1 studied and formulated the relevant supporting laws and regulations and normative documents of the Emergency Response Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), improved the relevant laws and regulations system of natural disasters, accidents, public health incidents and social security incidents, improved local emergency management regulations, strengthened law enforcement, and realized emergency according to law.

　　3.5.1.2 builds emergency management standard system. Efforts will be made to strengthen the development of emergency signs, risk identification and evaluation, early warning information release, emergency team and equipment configuration, emergency facilities and equipment configuration in public places, emergency shelter construction, material reserve, emergency communication, emergency platform, emergency drills and other related standards. Actively participate in the formulation of international emergency management standards. Promote the implementation and application of emergency management standards, and promote the standardization of emergency management and emergency technical equipment.

　　3.5.2 Further improve the emergency management organization system.

　　3.5.2.1 has improved the emergency management system of "unified leadership, comprehensive coordination, classified management, graded responsibility and territorial management", encouraged local governments to innovate the establishment mode of emergency management institutions and strengthen the comprehensive coordination function; Strengthen the construction of urban emergency management organization system and strengthen the auxiliary decision-making command function of urban emergency management institutions; Promote communities, enterprises and institutions to implement emergency management responsibilities and equip them with full-time and part-time staff.

　　3.5.2.2 standardized the on-site organization and command of emergency response, explored the implementation of the on-site emergency commander system, strengthened the training of emergency command ability, and improved the standardization and specialization level of emergency response.

　　3.5.2.3 strengthens the training of leading cadres’ emergency management ability, and strengthens the construction of emergency management cadres.

　　3.5.3 Further improve the emergency management mechanism.

　　3.5.3.1 has improved the information reporting mechanism. Upgrading the emergency information system of government duty; Expand information acquisition channels and explore the establishment of a platform for the public to submit emergency information; Enrich the content and means of information submission, and gradually increase the submission of pictures and videos; Relying on all kinds of grass-roots information staff, the establishment of grass-roots information reporting network.

　　3.5.3.2 has improved the emergency linkage mechanism. In all aspects of emergency prevention and response, strengthen the construction of inter-departmental emergency linkage mechanism, and strengthen information sharing and consultation and emergency cooperation; Serve the national regional development strategy, establish and improve the regional emergency coordination and linkage mechanism of the Belt and Road Initiative, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Economic Belt and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, improve the public safety guarantee mechanism of the capital, further promote the construction of emergency coordination and linkage mechanisms such as the Bohai Rim, the Pan-Pearl River Delta, the western region and the northeast region, effectively integrate and share emergency resources in the region, and realize the complementary regional advantages.

　　3.5.3.3 strengthens the system and mechanism construction of emergency news work. Establish and improve the emergency news work system with unified leadership of the Party committee and government, division of responsibilities of actual work departments, organization and coordination of propaganda departments, and active participation of news media. Build a team of professional emergency journalists and improve the professional level of emergency reporting.

　　3.5.3.4 has improved the information release mechanism. Strengthen the application of new media, respond to social concerns in a timely manner, and release information dynamically according to the progress of the situation; Strengthen the professionalism and authority of information publishers; Strengthen the training of leading cadres and government spokespersons on the ability to release emergency information.

　　3.5.3.5 standardizes the recovery and reconstruction mechanism. Strengthen disaster loss assessment and improve assessment standards and processes; We will implement the requirements of "central overall guidance, local governments as the main body, and extensive participation of people in disaster areas", and standardize the planning and fund management of recovery and reconstruction of major natural disasters.

　　3.5.3.6 establishes emergency assessment mechanism. Establish an emergency response evaluation system entrusted by a third-party professional organization, improve emergency management and improve the emergency system according to the evaluation results.

　　3.5.3.7 has improved the capital investment mechanism. In accordance with the relevant requirements of the budget law, speed up the disbursement of funds and improve the efficiency of financial emergency support; Establish and improve the compensation mechanism for expropriation of social materials, means of transport, facilities and equipment and other emergency resources in an emergency, and encourage the development of emergency factoring services; Guide social funds to participate in the construction of emergency system projects.

　　3.5.3.8 improves the risk sharing mechanism. Accelerate the catastrophe insurance system, promote the legislative process of earthquake catastrophe insurance, and gradually form a multi-level catastrophe risk dispersion mechanism; Carry out liability insurance for production safety, environmental pollution and food safety, and continuously enrich insurance varieties in combination with disaster risks and emergency needs; Strengthen the personal safety insurance for emergency rescue personnel. Guide insurance institutions to participate in public safety risk assessment and prevention.

　　3.5.3.9 strengthens the construction of emergency management think tanks.

　　3.5.4 Further improve the emergency plan system.

　　3.5.4.1 has strengthened the assessment of emergency plans, strengthened the preparation and management of special emergency plans for important targets, major hazards and major activities, formulated joint emergency plans for regional and basin emergencies, and improved the emergency plan system.

　　3.5.4.2 organized the preparation of guidelines for emergency plans, improved the risk assessment and emergency resource investigation process, and guided and standardized the preparation of emergency plans at all levels. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, a round of emergency plan evaluation and revision was fully completed.

　　3.5.4.3 makes full use of new technologies such as Internet, big data and intelligent decision-making, and promotes the digital application of emergency plans in emergency management-related information systems.

　　3.5.4.4 has improved the emergency plan drill mechanism, encouraged various forms of economical and efficient emergency drills, and strengthened post-drill evaluation; The state-level special emergency plan shall carry out at least one comprehensive emergency drill during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period.

　　4 key construction projects

　　During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, relying on existing resources, we focused on strengthening comprehensive emergency response capabilities and social coordinated emergency response capabilities, and put forward eight key construction projects that are comprehensive and overall and need to be promoted by multiple departments and regions as a whole.

　　4.1 National Emergency Early Warning Information Release Capability Enhancement Project

　　Based on the preliminary construction of the national emergency early warning information release system, build a national emergency early warning information release system based on cloud architecture, and improve the four-level integrated early warning information release platform of the country, province, city and county; Build a comprehensive risk analysis and early warning decision support system for emergencies, and realize the accurate and directional release of early warning information for areas and people affected by emergencies; Strengthen the construction of early warning information release channels and means, make full use of the existing resources and new technologies of various departments and social media, focus on strengthening the capacity building of early warning information dissemination and reception in remote rural areas, pastoral areas, mountainous areas and sea areas, and give play to the role of various emergency information staff; Establish an emergency early warning information release standard system, improve the real-time monitoring, security and operation and maintenance system, and ensure the stable, reliable and efficient operation of the system. Actively using the concept of "internet plus", we will develop a mobile phone client and supporting management system that supports the submission of emergency information in words, sounds, pictures and videos, so as to realize the communication between the intelligent terminal at the scene of the incident and the government emergency platform, and provide a platform for emergency science education and communication.

　　4.2 National Emergency Platform System Improvement Promotion Project

　　On the basis of the construction achievements of the first phase of the national emergency platform system, we will promote the upgrading of emergency platforms in the State Council, departmental and provincial emergency platforms, improve the platform functions, and improve the reliability, operability and actual combat level. Promote the interconnection and system docking of emergency platforms in the State Council with departments and provincial emergency platforms, set up sub-centers of video conference system of emergency platform system according to regional linkage mechanism, further expand the coverage of video conference and image access systems, and gather and integrate Internet-related information resources; Standardize basic data access standards, and promote local and departmental establishment and improvement of basic databases such as risks, hidden dangers, emergency teams and emergency materials, and access to the State Council emergency platform; Relying on relevant professional strength and information resources, strengthen the construction of auxiliary decision-making system and strengthen the functions of information integration, situation prediction and emergency drills; Improve the technical guarantee mechanism for platform operation. Through the systematic upgrading of the platform, high-definition image transmission, multi-polarization video consultation, intelligent decision-making and diversified technical support are realized.

　　4.3 National Aviation Medical Rescue Base Construction

　　Relying on the existing high-quality medical and health resources and navigation enterprises, we will build a number of national aviation medical rescue bases in different regions of the country, focusing on strengthening the construction of facilities and equipment such as aviation medical rescue, aircraft modification, helicopter landing and landing points, training and drills, and undertaking emergency tasks such as air transport, en route treatment, health and epidemic prevention, on-site transportation of medical personnel, and emergency medical equipment call. Establish and improve the aviation medical rescue mechanism involving navigation enterprises and insurance institutions, and promote the formation of a socialized aviation medical rescue system.

　　4.4 National Emergency Resource Guarantee Information Service System Construction

　　Build a national emergency resource support information service system, integrate the national emergency material reserve, social production capacity, emergency logistics resources, emergency professional services and other support information, strengthen cross-departmental, cross-regional and cross-industry collaborative support and information sharing, as the emergency resource support system of the State Council emergency platform, and provide services such as supply and demand connection, dispatch and command, decision-making reference and scientific evaluation to relevant departments, localities and enterprises to improve the comprehensive coordination, scientific deployment and effective utilization of various emergency resources.

　　4.5 National Emergency Communication Support Capacity Building

　　Make full use of the existing resources and latest development achievements of satellite communication, public communication and related private networks, build a public emergency satellite communication professional system, integrate and improve China’s space and ground emergency communication network resources, enhance the disaster prevention and resilience and emergency service capabilities of public communication networks, and form a public emergency communication support capability that is integrated with the world and shared with each other; Construction of "internet plus Emergency Communication" command and dispatch and service management cloud platform to provide communication, early warning, decision-making and dispatch support services for emergency management, and meet the emergency communication needs of various departments and industries in emergency handling.

　　4.6 National Public Safety Emergency Experience Base Construction

　　Relying on the existing resources of central enterprises, simulate disasters and emergency scenes such as earthquake, tsunami, flood, geological disaster, fire, drowning, traffic accident, elevator accident, dangerous chemical accident, mine accident, emergency rescue, sudden acute infectious disease epidemic, home safety, etc., and adopt technologies such as sound, photoelectricity and multimedia to build emergency simulation facilities, immersive experience facilities, emergency equipment simulation operation facilities, emergency self-help and mutual rescue skills demonstration and training facilities based on real three-dimensional environment.

　　4.7 National Emergency Management Basic Standard Development Project

　　Organize the research on emergency management standard system, establish a unified emergency management standard system framework, promote the development of basic emergency management standards, and coordinate the development of professional standards in different fields; Focus on the development of a number of key basic standards such as risk assessment, hidden danger management, emergency early warning, emergency resource construction and management, emergency communication and information, emergency organization and command, emergency training and drills, and carry out demonstrations on the popularization and application of relevant standards to improve the standardization level of emergency management.

　　4.8 Construction of China-Europe School of Emergency Management

　　Relying on the Emergency Management Training Center of the National School of Administration (CEIBS), on the basis of making full use of the existing training facilities and resources, combined with the reform of training and recuperation institutions, we will strengthen campus construction, improve the necessary education and training infrastructure, equip teaching and research equipment, enrich teachers, develop a series of courses, and form an emergency management education, high-end think tank and international cooperation and exchange platform with international influence.

　　5 safeguard measures

　　5.1 Strengthen organizational leadership

　　Strengthen the organization and leadership of planning implementation. The General Office of the State Council and the National Development and Reform Commission should strengthen the overall coordination of planning and implementation. The lead unit should earnestly perform the duties of organization and coordination, and the participating units should actively cooperate to refine the implementation of work responsibilities and construction tasks. All regions should formulate relevant emergency system construction plans according to this plan and local conditions, and the plans of relevant departments should be well connected with this plan in terms of main objectives, construction tasks and key projects. Leading units of key construction projects should pay close attention to the feasibility study and project application, strengthen project construction management, and ensure the smooth implementation of the project.

　　5.2 Strengthen financial security

　　According to the principle that the power of affairs is compatible with the responsibility of expenditure, the finance at all levels shall reasonably guarantee the implementation of the plan. Coordinate the use of funds, integrate and optimize resources, and form a policy synergy. Give play to the policy-oriented role and guide diversified capital investment. After the completion of key construction projects, if the government needs to arrange daily operation and maintenance funds, it shall apply according to the provisions of budget management.

　　5.3 Strengthen supervision and evaluation

　　Establish and improve the planning implementation evaluation system, and take the implementation of planning tasks as an important part of the supervision and evaluation of departmental and local work. The General Office of the State Council and the National Development and Reform Commission shall organize the mid-term evaluation of the implementation of this plan, identify problems in time and propose improvement measures. Local governments should strengthen supervision and inspection of the implementation of planning in their own areas.

Wen Yi BT Finance, by Chang Qianqian

On April 19th, the first day of the Shanghai Auto Show Open Day, Tesla unexpectedly became the focus of the market. A female owner of Tesla, wearing a white T-shirt with the words "Brake Failure" printed on her chest, stood on the roof of a red Tesla and shouted "Tesla Brake Failure". The video was forwarded on the whole network, and Tesla once again rushed to the top of the hot search list in Weibo because of "Brake Failure".

On the afternoon of April 19th, Tesla announced that the party involved in the auto show was the owner of the speeding violation accident in Anyang, Henan Province in February. Tao Lin, vice president of Tesla China, responded to the auto show event and said that Tesla could not compromise.

In response to this matter, Xinhua News Agency issued a document on the same day asking: Who made who not "decent". The official WeChat of the Central Political and Legal Committee, WeChat official account’s "An Jian of the Central Political and Legal Committee", also wrote an article attacking: Tesla must face the torture of customers in China, regardless of compromise.

Affected by this, on April 19, EST, Tesla fell sharply after a few minutes of opening, with a drop of more than 6%, and its market value evaporated by $24.1 billion. At the close, Tesla closed at $714.63, down 3.4%.

Why should Tesla be "tough" to the end? Is Tesla really "arrogant" or can’t bow?

The lady who made a fuss about defending her rights at the auto show experienced an accident dating back to February this year.

It is said that the woman’s father suddenly found that the brakes failed while driving Tesla Model 3, which led to the continuous rear-end collision of two cars and forced the car to stop by hitting the guardrail. The accident caused many soft tissue contusions on the woman’s parents.

After the accident, the woman defended her rights through multiple platforms after her communication with Tesla 4S store was invalid. In March, Tesla’s "brake failure" incident rushed to the hot search and attracted market attention. Tesla denied the braking problem, saying that after reviewing and analyzing the vehicle data and on-site photos, ABS worked normally during braking and the vehicle’s braking system was normal.

Earlier, some media reported that Tesla cooperated with the owner to conduct third-party testing, but the female owner rejected the plan.Tesla once again proposed "vehicle detection", which shows that it has great confidence in Tesla’s brake hardware.

According to public information, Tesla’s current brake assist system uses Bosch iBooster, and the performance of Bosch iBooster has always been good in the industry. In addition to electric vehicles such as Tesla and Weilai, hybrids such as GM, Volkswagen and Ford are also in use, and there have been no major safety problems. Some professionals said that Bosch’s brake itself has a backup plan to prevent the vehicle from completely losing its braking force.

From this point of view, Tesla’s complete braking system should be as Tesla said without much problem.

At the beginning of 2021, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) can also prove this statement. The administration investigated 246 out-of-control acceleration events in Tesla. The survey results showed that there was no evidence that there was any fault in the accelerator pedal assembly, motor control system or braking system that caused the accident. All the above cases were caused by stepping on the wrong pedal.

According to Tao Lin, vice president of Tesla China, who quoted the report at that time, all the 246 cases of out-of-control acceleration were caused by the driver’s misoperation.

So what’s the problem?According to the analysis of industry experts, if there is no problem with Bosch’s brakes, then the problem may be that when Bosch’s brake system is connected to Tesla’s telex control signal, there may be bugs at this time, which may cause the brakes to lose braking force in some cases.

The expert in this industry also made an analysis based on similar cases in the past. The specific performance is that there is an error in the electronic signal transmitted to the brake system, which causes the pressure of the brake booster pump to be too small. At this time, just lift your foot and step on the brake again. However, in an emergency, when normal people find that they can’t step on the brakes, their first reaction is to step on them and eventually lead to a car accident.

In addition, according to media analysis, Tesla has always stressed the need for third-party inspection, but never said that it would issue the data before and after the accident of the vehicle to prove its innocence, perhaps because Tesla did not want to publish the owner data it collected.

Actually,At present, many new energy vehicles use intelligent systems to collect user data. Tesla previously said that he was unwilling to use radar systems in order to reduce the collection of users.

howeverAn accident in Beijing at the end of last year vaguely pointed to Tesla collecting user data.According to the owner’s description, before the incident, he was driving slowly with a taxi in front of him. Suddenly, he couldn’t step on the brakes, hit a taxi, and then hit a big truck before being stopped. But before the owner called the police, Tesla called her to ask about the situation. However, according to the media investigation, there is no evidence to prove that the owner’s statement is completely true.

In addition, there is another case worth noting. In a Tesla traffic accident in Beijing in October 2020, the owner said that the Beijing traffic control department did not obtain the vehicle data of the day from Tesla, and was questioned by the outside world that the data was in the traffic control department. Tesla had been deleted before the investigation.

In this Shanghai Auto Show, Tesla Taolin said in an interview that in the future,China will become another global center of Tesla.

How Tesla will develop in China in the future is inconclusive. At present, Tesla’s various negative entanglements, coupled with its "arrogant" attitude in crisis public relations, have detonated consumer sentiment. In any case, Tesla has now fallen into a huge passivity.

For example, in the spontaneous combustion incident of Tesla in Shanghai basement in 2019, Tesla denied that it was its quality problem; There is also the recent "State Grid Charging Pile" incident. Tesla suddenly lost power after charging and could not start the problem of "shabu-shabu", which caused too much current to the State Grid and was officially spit out by the State Grid; Later, Pinduoduo launched the "Ten Thousand-Person Group Campaign", and the price was as low as 251,800, which Tesla refused to deliver.

Various incidents have greatly reduced Tesla’s reputation in China and successfully ignited users’ anger.Netizens have questioned why domestic cars such as Weilai and Tucki, which also use State Grid charging piles, did not suddenly lose power? Also using Bosch’s braking system, other vehicles do not have this problem? Moreover, Tesla’s arrogant public relations attitude added fuel to Tesla’s reputation, and even the Central Political and Legal Committee and Xinhua News Agency attacked its arrogance.

Since Tesla set up a factory in Shanghai, the domestic Model 3 has experienced five price cuts so far, in order to reduce costs and seize the domestic market. However, due to frequent accidents, the image gradually collapsed, and Tesla was defeated from the domestic "sales king" in 2019. In 2020, Wuling mini sold more than Tesla in several quarters, ranking first in the industry in 2020.

What Tesla should reflect on is that in addition to quality concerns, there is also an irresponsible attitude towards consumers.At present, there are a lot of netizens commenting on Taolin Weibo. Thank you. Because of your arrogance, I won’t consider buying Tesla again.

After all, vehicle sales are only half of Tesla’s market, and half comes from after-sales service. Losing any half of the market is fatal to Tesla. Without consumer trust, how can China become another global center of Tesla?

　

　　According to the latest sales data, Tengshi Automobile sold 11,515 vehicles in August 2023, a record high, thanks to the trust and choice of 100,000+users. Among them, Tengshi D9 continued its champion posture, selling 10,035 vehicles in August, and winning the sales champion of more than 300,000 luxury MPV markets for eight consecutive months; Tengshi N7 sold 1,480 vehicles in the first month, which exploded immediately after listing, and entered the mainstream camp of pure electric SUVs. The sales volume of medium-sized luxury SUVs with more than 300,000 pure electric vehicles ranked TOP 4. Tengshi N8 will start nationwide scale delivery in September, and the beauty will come as scheduled.

　　At the just-concluded Chengdu Auto Show, Tengshi D9, N7 and N8 product matrices were unveiled, attracting visitors from all over the world. Tengshi D9 is used by both home and business, and is favored by users. The average selling price exceeds 420,000 yuan, and the one-year preservation rate is as high as 98%. In the luxury MPV market, Tengshi D9 integrates "electrification, intelligence and high configuration", bringing epoch-making new luxury experience to users, and relying on users’ co-creation, adding DM-i 965 exclusive model, which continuously impacts the monthly sales of 15,000 vehicles. It is worth mentioning that 50% of D9 users are BBA users’ purchase or replacement, and 20% are luxury MPV fuel vehicle replacement, which has successfully rewritten the market structure and become a new benchmark in the field of luxury MPV.

　　As BYD’s 5 millionth off-line new energy vehicle, Tengshi N7 is equipped with Tengshi’s ultra-efficient eight-in-one intelligent electric powertrain, high-power overcharge technology, double-gun overcharge pile, CTB technology with integrated body and chassis, Yunqi -A intelligent air body control system (standard version) and French Chaoshe technology audio brand — — Hard-core intelligent technologies, such as Divare Audio, lead the intelligent second half with the advantages of leading the second generation products and super strength. In the user group, 55% of Tengshi N7 users are from BBA, which is transforming a large number of luxury brand oil car users. At the same time, after the delivery of N7, users praised Yunnian -A (standard version) system, luxurious cockpit, comfortable driving and handling performance experience, and gained many word-of-mouth praise.

　　Tengshi N8, which will be delivered nationwide on a large scale in September, is the only model in the 300,000-class SUV market that can be used in all scenes, and it has many modes such as camping, trailer towing, intelligent cockpit, intelligent assisted driving and other functions. Tengshi N8 further enriches and perfects Tengshi’s product matrix.

　　Tengshi is striding towards the international stage through steady and coordinated development. In September, Tengshi Automobile will be unveiled at the 2023 Munich Motor Show in Germany and the subsequent Tokyo Motor Show and Thailand Motor Show.

　　Tengshi brand has been continuously advanced since its rejuvenation, and all three models have achieved excellent market performance. Tengshi adheres to the road of new luxury, with the four core brand values of wisdom, safety, new luxury and user ecology, and continuously strives to create a new luxury and excellent travel experience for users, and will embark on a new journey of internationalization strategy, serve global users and make the world fall in love with China Tengshi. (Photo: provided by Tengshi Automobile)

Original Chu Tian Lan Teng Yun

Text | Chu Tianlan

Tengyun special author

For today’s people, the emergence of new technologies has greatly facilitated daily life, and the development of information technology has provided great convenience for work, travel or shopping. On the other hand, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has replaced a large number of jobs that previously required manpower, such as cashiers, waiters, ticket sellers and so on. Some displaced people may be able to find better jobs. For those who are affected by this, the development and progress of new technologies are obviously not good news.

The Technical Trap focuses on this issue: the emergence of new technologies will lead to the unemployment or income reduction of some workers, while the economic growth brought by some creative destruction and the creation of new employment opportunities often take decades or even longer to be reflected. How to avoid the pain and loss caused by technology trap to these people and take corresponding remedial measures is an important issue.

Technical trap

Author: (Sweden) Karl benedikt Frey Translator: He Xiao

Press: Houlangdang Democracy and Construction Press, December 2021.

01

The invention and impact of new technology

According to the unclear definition in this book, labor-saving technologies can be roughly divided into two types: enabling technologies and alternative technologies. Enabling technology is a technology that helps people to complete existing tasks more efficiently or creates new job opportunities for workers. Technology that makes jobs and skills redundant is called replacement technology (page 14).

According to the author’s example, if the steel quantity in 1929 is produced with the technology of 1890, the required workers are 1.25 million instead of 400,000. However, because the demand for steel is rising steadily, 800,000 extra people are rarely unemployed because of the mechanization development of the steel industry. In addition, computer-aided design software can make staff more efficient rather than replace them. However, the alternative technology is different, and the automatic elevator replaces the elevator operator. In the factory that produces cars, robots not only improve output, but also replace mechanical operators.

It is not difficult to see that both enabling technology and replacement technology can improve production efficiency and reduce costs. However, there is no clear distinction between the two. A labor-saving technology used in one field is enabling technology, and used in another field is probably replacing technology. As we have seen, the emergence of any new technology will impact the original production order and market demand.

From today’s point of view, as long as new technology can save labor, improve efficiency and reduce costs, it will be widely used and popularized in reality. However, in many times in history, this is not the case. For example, after the popularization of printing, the original scribe either specialized in copying short texts that were uneconomical to print, or became a bookbinder and designer. However, the Sultan Bayezid II, worried that literates would weaken his dominant position, issued a decree in 1485 prohibiting printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire.

"Technology Trap" holds that in the classical era, technology mainly served the public domain, rather than satisfying private interests. Rulers promote technological progress not to improve the efficiency of speculation, but to improve public works in order to improve their popularity and consolidate political power.

Therefore, technology at this time is a political tool, not serving economic interests. Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, the Roman emperor, was in power in 69-79 AD. At that time, if a big and heavy cylinder was transported from a mine to Rome, thousands of workers were needed and the expenses were huge. Someone told Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus that he had invented a device, which could greatly reduce the cost. But Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus refused to use it for fear that depriving the Romans of their jobs would lead to political instability.

Similar things happened in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and Germany in the 18th century. In 1589, Reverend William Li Faming bought a knitting machine for stockings. This labor replacement technology was of milestone significance at that time. However, the knitwear guild strongly resisted this new technology, and Queen Elizabeth I refused to grant him a patent right to avoid workers losing their jobs. William lee left England for this reason.

In 1623, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ordered that the sewing machine be banned and the sewing needles made from it be destroyed. From 1685 to 1726, automatic looms were completely banned in Germany. In 1705, the French’s Dennis Papan invented the steam engine in Germany. His mentor and friend, the famous physicist gottfried leibniz, wrote to Hesse Kassel Elector, requesting that Papan’s ship be allowed to "pass without any trouble", but it was not approved. When Papan’s steamboat arrived in Minden, the boatmen’s guild tried to get the local judge to detain Papan’s boat, but it failed. After that, the boatmen attacked and destroyed Papan’s ship and smashed the steam engine. In the end, Papan died of poverty and was buried in an unknown grave.

In 1688, a glorious revolution took place in Britain. Political power was transferred from the king to the parliament, and businessmen gained more political discourse rights. Parliament began to defend the interests of businessmen more. Birmingham and Manchester used to be villages, but later they developed into towns, liberated from the rules of guilds and became the engines of the industrial revolution.

However, the situation in France is different. During the French Revolution in 1789, when Paris people stormed the Bastille, wool workers from Darnatal took advantage of the chaos, broke through the bridge of the Seine River guarded by the Wang family, and destroyed the machines near the factory of Da Saint-Cerf. Thirty machines of Caron Company were destroyed by mobs. In the suburb of Rouen, more than 700 Jenny spinning machines were destroyed.

However, the government was worried that this incident would worsen the situation in the country, so it did not send troops to quell it. French industrialists and inventors, on the other hand, do not believe that the government can protect their own interests, thus weakening their willingness to invest in machinery and industry. This situation from 1789 to 1799 affected the development of French economy.

The same is true in China. According to the observer Daniel J. McGovern’s record in 1886, Foshan merchants imported a large number of brass sheets from Birmingham, England, and sold them to producers to build brass utensils. Because some coppersmith’s job is to beat imported thick brass sheets into thin sheets, these thin copper sheets were returned to Hong Kong to avoid riots. An American Chinese imported a batch of efficient sewing machines to sew felt soles, but they were destroyed by local shoemakers.

Looking at the birth and development of new technology, it is often not limited to the superiority and performance of the technology itself, but the result of the tripartite game between labor, management and rulers, who are often the final arbiter. The standard of its ruling is often political stability, not just production efficiency. For workers, if new technologies can improve skills and increase income, they will be happy to adopt them; For the management, as long as it can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, it is willing to adopt it; For rulers, new technology not only improves efficiency, but also benefits political stability.

Political power not only determines the authoritative distribution of major interests, but also determines whether new technologies can be popularized and used. In the triangular relationship among labor, management and ruler, the ruler has the strongest right to speak: when a new technology appears, when both labor and management agree, the ruler has no reason to oppose it, and if the ruler opposes it, the new technology will be difficult to popularize and use; When one side of labor and management agrees and the other side opposes, the support and opposition of the ruler determines whether this technology can be popularized.

02

Different consequences of the industrial revolution

It is generally believed that the first industrial revolution took place in the 1760s-1840s, marked by the widespread use of steam engines.

The second industrial revolution took place in the late 1960s, marked by the widespread use of electricity, when the United States replaced Britain as a technology leader.

The third industrial revolution began in the 1940 s and 1950 s, and major breakthroughs were made in the fields of atomic energy, computer, electronic technology, aerospace technology, molecular biology and genetic engineering.

The fourth industrial revolution is based on artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual reality, quantum information technology, controlled nuclear fusion, clean energy and biotechnology.

In 1769, Richard Ackerett and james watt applied for a patent for their invention, which is usually regarded as the beginning of the industrial revolution. In the previous decades, mechanization has begun and factories have appeared. The rise of international trade has intensified the competition among nation-states. The rising wages of British workers force the country to maintain its competitiveness through mechanization.

In 1716, John Lome sneaked into an Italian factory, quietly drew a machine pattern and shipped it back to England in silk. A year after returning to England from Italy, John Lome and his funded brother Thomas set up the first silk factory near Derbyshire-the twisting machine of the factory was made according to the drawings brought back from Italy.

Before the machine age, spinning cotton was time-consuming and laborious. In 1776, the second krom Ford cotton mill opened by Akelet opened. This factory uses hydraulic drive machines, which are arranged according to the production sequence, and its hydraulic spinning machine uses drum spinning, which reduces the labor cost by about two thirds, and finally reduces the total cost of woolen cotton by 20%. In addition, Akelet invented the carding machine.

James hargreaves, on the other hand, invented Jenny’s spinning machine, which is 70 times more expensive than a hand-spinning wheel, but much cheaper than Ackerett’s machine and takes up less space. In 1779, Samuel crompton invented the crompton-type spinning frame, which was quickly applied to factories. Spinning machine saves labor costs and replaces manual spinning workers. During this period, spinning machines continued to improve, with the goal of replacing men with women and children to reduce costs.

In the eyes of many people today, the steam engine promoted the industrial revolution. However, it took nearly 200 years from the earliest practical application of the steam engine to the obvious impact on economic development. In the late 17th century, Thomas savery, a British Cornwall officer, first applied atmospheric pressure. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine appeared. Because of its inherent defects, it was only used for coal mine drainage before 1770.

After james watt invented the separate condenser, the heat in the cylinder would not be lost in the condensation process. However, Watt’s steam engine was not widely used until several decades later, and it was not until the mid-19th century that it showed great economic impact-the steam engine was widely used in railway, iron and steel smelting, textile and other industries, which greatly improved the production efficiency.

The industrial revolution driven by technology has driven the British economy to take off, but the income distribution brought by growth is extremely uneven. Between 1759 and 1867, the proportion of the richest 5% people in the total income rose from 21% to 37%. In the early days of industrialization, the situation of many ordinary people became worse. Although the per capita income has increased, the income gap between ordinary people and the middle class is widening.

At the same time, some writers and scholars began to criticize machines and factories. Engels believed that the misfortune of the working class was brought about by the factory system. Defenders of mechanization argue that machines are a useful supplement to workers’ labor, and only when machines are popularized can newer and better-paid jobs emerge.

From 1811 to 1816, Luddite came into being. In Leicester, Ned Lourdes, a weaving apprentice, was scolded by his employer and picked up a hammer to smash the textile machine, thus the "Lourdeism" movement with the goal of destroying the machine arose. Luddites usually destroy only those machines that are "innovative" or threaten employment. They have carried out at least 100 separate actions and destroyed about 1,000 of the 25,000 machines.

In response, the British government sent troops to suppress it. In 1812 and 1813, more than 30 Luddites were hanged. The "Captain Swing" riot that broke out in 1830 was mainly aimed at agricultural machines. By the end of September and November, 492 machines were destroyed, most of which were threshers.

During the period of the industrial revolution, Britain was caught in an "Engel-style pause": the employers obtained the profits of enterprises and invested them in factories and machinery, while the wages of workers stagnated or even declined. Until a few decades later, the number of rich people increased, and the income of workers doubled. In the author’s view, this is because in the last decades of the industrial revolution, more complex machines appeared in factories, requiring more skilled workers, and technological changes changed from substitution to enablement, thus improving the bargaining power of skilled workers.

The technological leader of the second industrial revolution was the United States, and "Technology Trap" also projected its attention here. At the World Expo in Paris in 1867, Americans showed their technological progress: from telegraph and sewing machine to harvester and lawn mower. In 1882, Edison’s new york Pearl Street Power Station began to operate, and in the 30 years before the outbreak of World War I, the cost of household lighting decreased by 90%.

Many factories were electrified before 1900. Electric irons (introduced in 1893), vacuum cleaners (1907), washing machines (1907), ovens (1909), refrigerators (1916), dishwashers (1929), dryers (1938) and other electrical appliances have greatly facilitated the lives of American housewives. A large number of women are liberated from heavy housework and can go to work in factories, which not only increases the labor force in the United States, but also increases family income. The book "Fighting Industry: How America Won World War II" shows that during World War II, those civilian industries mobilized by the war and ordinary men and women who were trained in military production made the United States sing a triumphant song in the war and laid a solid foundation for the 30-year prosperity after the war.

On April 26th, 1956, Machlin’s "Ideal -X" began its first voyage from Newark Port to Houston Port, Texas, which was the first successful container shipping in history. Since then, container technology has laid the foundation for the second wave of globalization, which has profoundly changed the trade world. It is also the driving force of Smith-type growth (mainly relying on capital investment to achieve economic growth) and Schumpeter-type growth (increasing efficiency through scientific and technological progress and innovation).

The United States has also encountered the problem of unemployment caused by technology. During franklin roosevelt’s administration, the National Renaissance Administration issued 280 regulations, 36 of which contained restrictions on the installation of new machines. However, at a hearing on the impact of automation in 1955, no one objected to automation, and no one suggested limiting the use of machines. On the whole, technological development has created many new employment opportunities. The United States is not only richer, but also Schumpeter-style growth has made it more equal.

However, this trend was reversed in the 1980s. The wages of people with high school diplomas and below have been declining for more than 30 years, and the computer revolution has made the skills of workers who take care of machines obsolete. Engels-style pause reappeared. In many places, work was replaced by robots, and this area fell into decline. It is precisely because of the decline of the middle class that the number of moderate members in the US Congress has drastically decreased and politics has become polarized-"Conservatism and freedom have almost become synonymous with the Republican Party and the Democratic Party".

In addition, people are still worried that the concentration of wealth will undermine the legitimacy of democracy-high campaign costs will make elected officials more dependent on groups with stronger economic strength.

In the long run, technology will benefit everyone.

For example, in the United States today, the poorest families have also maintained a certain standard of living. However, in recent years, the distribution of benefits brought by computers and artificial intelligence is more biased towards employers. For example, "Technical Trap" says that there are 1.9 million heavy truck drivers and towed trailer drivers in the United States, and people are worried that after the technology of self-driving trucks is mature and put into use, it will bring a large number of layoffs. Once these drivers are replaced and placed in a situation where their careers or incomes are drastically reduced, they are likely to resist such alternative technologies.

03

How to avoid the technical trap?

From the perspective of human history, the prosperity and development of modern society is directly related to technological progress. After the industrial revolution, the development of technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, and everyone is enjoying its fruits-which makes the popularization and use of technology more legitimate.

The book "Technical Trap" shows that computers and artificial intelligence are more inclined to replace. This means that more skilled workers have lost their jobs, and their income will decrease whether they are re-employed or unemployed, which has led to the decline of the American middle class and the resulting political polarization.

Great technological inventions may bring huge economic benefits, but there is usually a long time lag. For example, this is the case with the steam engine invented by Watt. However, people’s life is short, and in these decades or even longer, one generation or even several generations will become the victims of the technical trap. In the previous human history, the displaced workers would resist these technologies, and the government could only restrict the use of new machines through policies for the sake of political stability.

How to avoid the technical trap? The methods proposed in this book include promoting major educational reforms and increasing investment in basic education; Provide retraining for the affected unemployed; Provide wage insurance; Expand the labor income tax credit; Reduce the control of reemployment; Help the unemployed to move to places where they have jobs; Expand housing supply and cancel zoning restrictions; Develop transportation to reduce commuting time; Industrial revival and so on.

It is not difficult to see that the impact of technology trap is not due to technology itself, but to the field of political economy. The distribution of wealth has always been a difficult problem. The United States with low taxes and low welfare and Denmark with high taxes and high welfare have their own advantages and disadvantages. The solution finally put forward in "Technical Trap" is nothing more than a temporary solution, but not a permanent solution.

However, the questions raised in this book are true: new technologies have improved efficiency and promoted economic growth, but for a period of time, some people have suffered losses because of the emergence of new technologies, and this influence is likely to accompany them for life.

However, the pursuit of labor saving and production efficiency is endless. It is difficult to find a perfect solution between technology based on the overall gift of human beings and the damage of some people’s interests, and probably only the lesser of the two evils can be achieved.

Original title: "Technology Trap: Invention and Impact"

Read the original text