Original Chu Tian Lan Teng Yun

Text | Chu Tianlan

Tengyun special author

For today’s people, the emergence of new technologies has greatly facilitated daily life, and the development of information technology has provided great convenience for work, travel or shopping. On the other hand, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has replaced a large number of jobs that previously required manpower, such as cashiers, waiters, ticket sellers and so on. Some displaced people may be able to find better jobs. For those who are affected by this, the development and progress of new technologies are obviously not good news.

The Technical Trap focuses on this issue: the emergence of new technologies will lead to the unemployment or income reduction of some workers, while the economic growth brought by some creative destruction and the creation of new employment opportunities often take decades or even longer to be reflected. How to avoid the pain and loss caused by technology trap to these people and take corresponding remedial measures is an important issue.

Technical trap

Author: (Sweden) Karl benedikt Frey Translator: He Xiao

Press: Houlangdang Democracy and Construction Press, December 2021.

01

The invention and impact of new technology

According to the unclear definition in this book, labor-saving technologies can be roughly divided into two types: enabling technologies and alternative technologies. Enabling technology is a technology that helps people to complete existing tasks more efficiently or creates new job opportunities for workers. Technology that makes jobs and skills redundant is called replacement technology (page 14).

According to the author’s example, if the steel quantity in 1929 is produced with the technology of 1890, the required workers are 1.25 million instead of 400,000. However, because the demand for steel is rising steadily, 800,000 extra people are rarely unemployed because of the mechanization development of the steel industry. In addition, computer-aided design software can make staff more efficient rather than replace them. However, the alternative technology is different, and the automatic elevator replaces the elevator operator. In the factory that produces cars, robots not only improve output, but also replace mechanical operators.

It is not difficult to see that both enabling technology and replacement technology can improve production efficiency and reduce costs. However, there is no clear distinction between the two. A labor-saving technology used in one field is enabling technology, and used in another field is probably replacing technology. As we have seen, the emergence of any new technology will impact the original production order and market demand.

From today’s point of view, as long as new technology can save labor, improve efficiency and reduce costs, it will be widely used and popularized in reality. However, in many times in history, this is not the case. For example, after the popularization of printing, the original scribe either specialized in copying short texts that were uneconomical to print, or became a bookbinder and designer. However, the Sultan Bayezid II, worried that literates would weaken his dominant position, issued a decree in 1485 prohibiting printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire.

"Technology Trap" holds that in the classical era, technology mainly served the public domain, rather than satisfying private interests. Rulers promote technological progress not to improve the efficiency of speculation, but to improve public works in order to improve their popularity and consolidate political power.

Therefore, technology at this time is a political tool, not serving economic interests. Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, the Roman emperor, was in power in 69-79 AD. At that time, if a big and heavy cylinder was transported from a mine to Rome, thousands of workers were needed and the expenses were huge. Someone told Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus that he had invented a device, which could greatly reduce the cost. But Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus refused to use it for fear that depriving the Romans of their jobs would lead to political instability.

Similar things happened in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and Germany in the 18th century. In 1589, Reverend William Li Faming bought a knitting machine for stockings. This labor replacement technology was of milestone significance at that time. However, the knitwear guild strongly resisted this new technology, and Queen Elizabeth I refused to grant him a patent right to avoid workers losing their jobs. William lee left England for this reason.

In 1623, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ordered that the sewing machine be banned and the sewing needles made from it be destroyed. From 1685 to 1726, automatic looms were completely banned in Germany. In 1705, the French’s Dennis Papan invented the steam engine in Germany. His mentor and friend, the famous physicist gottfried leibniz, wrote to Hesse Kassel Elector, requesting that Papan’s ship be allowed to "pass without any trouble", but it was not approved. When Papan’s steamboat arrived in Minden, the boatmen’s guild tried to get the local judge to detain Papan’s boat, but it failed. After that, the boatmen attacked and destroyed Papan’s ship and smashed the steam engine. In the end, Papan died of poverty and was buried in an unknown grave.

In 1688, a glorious revolution took place in Britain. Political power was transferred from the king to the parliament, and businessmen gained more political discourse rights. Parliament began to defend the interests of businessmen more. Birmingham and Manchester used to be villages, but later they developed into towns, liberated from the rules of guilds and became the engines of the industrial revolution.

However, the situation in France is different. During the French Revolution in 1789, when Paris people stormed the Bastille, wool workers from Darnatal took advantage of the chaos, broke through the bridge of the Seine River guarded by the Wang family, and destroyed the machines near the factory of Da Saint-Cerf. Thirty machines of Caron Company were destroyed by mobs. In the suburb of Rouen, more than 700 Jenny spinning machines were destroyed.

However, the government was worried that this incident would worsen the situation in the country, so it did not send troops to quell it. French industrialists and inventors, on the other hand, do not believe that the government can protect their own interests, thus weakening their willingness to invest in machinery and industry. This situation from 1789 to 1799 affected the development of French economy.

The same is true in China. According to the observer Daniel J. McGovern’s record in 1886, Foshan merchants imported a large number of brass sheets from Birmingham, England, and sold them to producers to build brass utensils. Because some coppersmith’s job is to beat imported thick brass sheets into thin sheets, these thin copper sheets were returned to Hong Kong to avoid riots. An American Chinese imported a batch of efficient sewing machines to sew felt soles, but they were destroyed by local shoemakers.

Looking at the birth and development of new technology, it is often not limited to the superiority and performance of the technology itself, but the result of the tripartite game between labor, management and rulers, who are often the final arbiter. The standard of its ruling is often political stability, not just production efficiency. For workers, if new technologies can improve skills and increase income, they will be happy to adopt them; For the management, as long as it can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, it is willing to adopt it; For rulers, new technology not only improves efficiency, but also benefits political stability.

Political power not only determines the authoritative distribution of major interests, but also determines whether new technologies can be popularized and used. In the triangular relationship among labor, management and ruler, the ruler has the strongest right to speak: when a new technology appears, when both labor and management agree, the ruler has no reason to oppose it, and if the ruler opposes it, the new technology will be difficult to popularize and use; When one side of labor and management agrees and the other side opposes, the support and opposition of the ruler determines whether this technology can be popularized.

02

Different consequences of the industrial revolution

It is generally believed that the first industrial revolution took place in the 1760s-1840s, marked by the widespread use of steam engines.

The second industrial revolution took place in the late 1960s, marked by the widespread use of electricity, when the United States replaced Britain as a technology leader.

The third industrial revolution began in the 1940 s and 1950 s, and major breakthroughs were made in the fields of atomic energy, computer, electronic technology, aerospace technology, molecular biology and genetic engineering.

The fourth industrial revolution is based on artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual reality, quantum information technology, controlled nuclear fusion, clean energy and biotechnology.

In 1769, Richard Ackerett and james watt applied for a patent for their invention, which is usually regarded as the beginning of the industrial revolution. In the previous decades, mechanization has begun and factories have appeared. The rise of international trade has intensified the competition among nation-states. The rising wages of British workers force the country to maintain its competitiveness through mechanization.

In 1716, John Lome sneaked into an Italian factory, quietly drew a machine pattern and shipped it back to England in silk. A year after returning to England from Italy, John Lome and his funded brother Thomas set up the first silk factory near Derbyshire-the twisting machine of the factory was made according to the drawings brought back from Italy.

Before the machine age, spinning cotton was time-consuming and laborious. In 1776, the second krom Ford cotton mill opened by Akelet opened. This factory uses hydraulic drive machines, which are arranged according to the production sequence, and its hydraulic spinning machine uses drum spinning, which reduces the labor cost by about two thirds, and finally reduces the total cost of woolen cotton by 20%. In addition, Akelet invented the carding machine.

James hargreaves, on the other hand, invented Jenny’s spinning machine, which is 70 times more expensive than a hand-spinning wheel, but much cheaper than Ackerett’s machine and takes up less space. In 1779, Samuel crompton invented the crompton-type spinning frame, which was quickly applied to factories. Spinning machine saves labor costs and replaces manual spinning workers. During this period, spinning machines continued to improve, with the goal of replacing men with women and children to reduce costs.

In the eyes of many people today, the steam engine promoted the industrial revolution. However, it took nearly 200 years from the earliest practical application of the steam engine to the obvious impact on economic development. In the late 17th century, Thomas savery, a British Cornwall officer, first applied atmospheric pressure. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine appeared. Because of its inherent defects, it was only used for coal mine drainage before 1770.

After james watt invented the separate condenser, the heat in the cylinder would not be lost in the condensation process. However, Watt’s steam engine was not widely used until several decades later, and it was not until the mid-19th century that it showed great economic impact-the steam engine was widely used in railway, iron and steel smelting, textile and other industries, which greatly improved the production efficiency.

The industrial revolution driven by technology has driven the British economy to take off, but the income distribution brought by growth is extremely uneven. Between 1759 and 1867, the proportion of the richest 5% people in the total income rose from 21% to 37%. In the early days of industrialization, the situation of many ordinary people became worse. Although the per capita income has increased, the income gap between ordinary people and the middle class is widening.

At the same time, some writers and scholars began to criticize machines and factories. Engels believed that the misfortune of the working class was brought about by the factory system. Defenders of mechanization argue that machines are a useful supplement to workers’ labor, and only when machines are popularized can newer and better-paid jobs emerge.

From 1811 to 1816, Luddite came into being. In Leicester, Ned Lourdes, a weaving apprentice, was scolded by his employer and picked up a hammer to smash the textile machine, thus the "Lourdeism" movement with the goal of destroying the machine arose. Luddites usually destroy only those machines that are "innovative" or threaten employment. They have carried out at least 100 separate actions and destroyed about 1,000 of the 25,000 machines.

In response, the British government sent troops to suppress it. In 1812 and 1813, more than 30 Luddites were hanged. The "Captain Swing" riot that broke out in 1830 was mainly aimed at agricultural machines. By the end of September and November, 492 machines were destroyed, most of which were threshers.

During the period of the industrial revolution, Britain was caught in an "Engel-style pause": the employers obtained the profits of enterprises and invested them in factories and machinery, while the wages of workers stagnated or even declined. Until a few decades later, the number of rich people increased, and the income of workers doubled. In the author’s view, this is because in the last decades of the industrial revolution, more complex machines appeared in factories, requiring more skilled workers, and technological changes changed from substitution to enablement, thus improving the bargaining power of skilled workers.

The technological leader of the second industrial revolution was the United States, and "Technology Trap" also projected its attention here. At the World Expo in Paris in 1867, Americans showed their technological progress: from telegraph and sewing machine to harvester and lawn mower. In 1882, Edison’s new york Pearl Street Power Station began to operate, and in the 30 years before the outbreak of World War I, the cost of household lighting decreased by 90%.

Many factories were electrified before 1900. Electric irons (introduced in 1893), vacuum cleaners (1907), washing machines (1907), ovens (1909), refrigerators (1916), dishwashers (1929), dryers (1938) and other electrical appliances have greatly facilitated the lives of American housewives. A large number of women are liberated from heavy housework and can go to work in factories, which not only increases the labor force in the United States, but also increases family income. The book "Fighting Industry: How America Won World War II" shows that during World War II, those civilian industries mobilized by the war and ordinary men and women who were trained in military production made the United States sing a triumphant song in the war and laid a solid foundation for the 30-year prosperity after the war.

On April 26th, 1956, Machlin’s "Ideal -X" began its first voyage from Newark Port to Houston Port, Texas, which was the first successful container shipping in history. Since then, container technology has laid the foundation for the second wave of globalization, which has profoundly changed the trade world. It is also the driving force of Smith-type growth (mainly relying on capital investment to achieve economic growth) and Schumpeter-type growth (increasing efficiency through scientific and technological progress and innovation).

The United States has also encountered the problem of unemployment caused by technology. During franklin roosevelt’s administration, the National Renaissance Administration issued 280 regulations, 36 of which contained restrictions on the installation of new machines. However, at a hearing on the impact of automation in 1955, no one objected to automation, and no one suggested limiting the use of machines. On the whole, technological development has created many new employment opportunities. The United States is not only richer, but also Schumpeter-style growth has made it more equal.

However, this trend was reversed in the 1980s. The wages of people with high school diplomas and below have been declining for more than 30 years, and the computer revolution has made the skills of workers who take care of machines obsolete. Engels-style pause reappeared. In many places, work was replaced by robots, and this area fell into decline. It is precisely because of the decline of the middle class that the number of moderate members in the US Congress has drastically decreased and politics has become polarized-"Conservatism and freedom have almost become synonymous with the Republican Party and the Democratic Party".

In addition, people are still worried that the concentration of wealth will undermine the legitimacy of democracy-high campaign costs will make elected officials more dependent on groups with stronger economic strength.

In the long run, technology will benefit everyone.

For example, in the United States today, the poorest families have also maintained a certain standard of living. However, in recent years, the distribution of benefits brought by computers and artificial intelligence is more biased towards employers. For example, "Technical Trap" says that there are 1.9 million heavy truck drivers and towed trailer drivers in the United States, and people are worried that after the technology of self-driving trucks is mature and put into use, it will bring a large number of layoffs. Once these drivers are replaced and placed in a situation where their careers or incomes are drastically reduced, they are likely to resist such alternative technologies.

03

How to avoid the technical trap?

From the perspective of human history, the prosperity and development of modern society is directly related to technological progress. After the industrial revolution, the development of technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, and everyone is enjoying its fruits-which makes the popularization and use of technology more legitimate.

The book "Technical Trap" shows that computers and artificial intelligence are more inclined to replace. This means that more skilled workers have lost their jobs, and their income will decrease whether they are re-employed or unemployed, which has led to the decline of the American middle class and the resulting political polarization.

Great technological inventions may bring huge economic benefits, but there is usually a long time lag. For example, this is the case with the steam engine invented by Watt. However, people’s life is short, and in these decades or even longer, one generation or even several generations will become the victims of the technical trap. In the previous human history, the displaced workers would resist these technologies, and the government could only restrict the use of new machines through policies for the sake of political stability.

How to avoid the technical trap? The methods proposed in this book include promoting major educational reforms and increasing investment in basic education; Provide retraining for the affected unemployed; Provide wage insurance; Expand the labor income tax credit; Reduce the control of reemployment; Help the unemployed to move to places where they have jobs; Expand housing supply and cancel zoning restrictions; Develop transportation to reduce commuting time; Industrial revival and so on.

It is not difficult to see that the impact of technology trap is not due to technology itself, but to the field of political economy. The distribution of wealth has always been a difficult problem. The United States with low taxes and low welfare and Denmark with high taxes and high welfare have their own advantages and disadvantages. The solution finally put forward in "Technical Trap" is nothing more than a temporary solution, but not a permanent solution.

However, the questions raised in this book are true: new technologies have improved efficiency and promoted economic growth, but for a period of time, some people have suffered losses because of the emergence of new technologies, and this influence is likely to accompany them for life.

However, the pursuit of labor saving and production efficiency is endless. It is difficult to find a perfect solution between technology based on the overall gift of human beings and the damage of some people’s interests, and probably only the lesser of the two evils can be achieved.

Original title: "Technology Trap: Invention and Impact"

Read the original text

　　Beijing, December 15 (Reporter Gao Yining) "Reform and opening up is the key choice to determine the fate of contemporary China, the source of vitality for the development and progress of contemporary China, an important magic weapon for the cause of the party and the people to catch up with the times in great strides, and the only way to persist in and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Hainan’s establishment of a provincial special economic zone.

　　The reform and opening-up has written a brand-new chapter of the times, achieved a magnificent legend of the East, and paved a road to the revival of China. The eight-episode large-scale political feature film The Only Way, which was jointly produced and filmed by the Central Propaganda Department, the Central Reform Office, the Central Party History and Literature Research Institute, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Administration of Radio and Television, Xinhua News Agency, the Central Radio and Television General Station and the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, was recently broadcast on CCTV. The film reviewed the 40 years of reform and opening up in a panoramic way, laying out a magnificent epic of the country and the nation with a moving story.

　　Once the political film "The Only Way" was broadcast, it triggered a ratings boom and heated discussion among the audience. The audience generally believe that this film is a rare and enlightening work of learning, thinking and education, with lofty ideas, grand themes, essence of historical materials, grand arguments and profound analysis.

　　Expert: Reform and opening up is the road to change.

　　"The political film" The Only Way "is relatively successful in all aspects. It can grasp people’s hearts and grasp the essence of China’s reform and opening up in the past 40 years. It expresses that reform and opening up is the fundamental way to determine China’s fate." As the "dramatist" and audience in the political commentary film The Only Way, Han Qingxiang, a former member of the Central Party School and a first-class professor, was deeply touched by the film.

　　"To commemorate the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, one of its essentials is to rethink and understand the reform and opening up itself." Han Qingxiang told reporters that 40 years ago, the "reform and opening up" we understood was a reform and opening up that broke through the "Soviet model" and "rigid dogma", a reform and opening up that fought our way out and pioneered a new road, a reform and opening up that liberated and developed the productive forces, and a reform and opening up that had the significance of the second revolution in China.

　　After 40 years of development, China has ushered in a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and then "getting strong". Han Qingxiang said that in the new historical position, what we see more is the "fundamental" significance of reform and opening up in determining the fate of China, that is, it is the "only way" and "fundamental way" to determine the fate of China.

　　"The only way" is to know and understand the reform and opening up from a higher position. The film reveals to us that reform and opening up is a revolutionary road to change, and it is a process that needs to constantly and continuously emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts and then get rid of rigidity. Its essential feature is change. "

　　Han Qingxiang believes that reform and opening up is an indomitable road of struggle. "For us, the implementation of reform and opening up, the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the construction of a socialist modernization power, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are actually in ‘ Climb an unexplored steep mountain ’ Take a step back and give up before the meeting, and you can climb to the top of the mountain with a thrilling jump. "

　　According to Tang Aijun, an associate professor at the School of Marxism of the Central Party School, the political film "The Only Way" explores "Where is the China Revolution going?" The enlightenment is to persist in road confidence. The Communist Party of China (CPC) found a correct "only way" to answer "Where is China going" in different periods, which is the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road.

　　Socialism makes an ancient China glow with vigor and vitality. The 40-year historical journey shows that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism. Guo Jianning, president of Peking University Marxist Institute, also believes that the greatest value and significance of celebrating 40 years of reform and opening up is that we should start from a new historical starting point and further persist in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

　　History is a mirror. During his inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Summarizing the experience and enlightenment of reform and opening up is not only the best celebration of 40 years of hard exploration and practice, but also provides a powerful impetus for promoting the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era."

　　In Guo Jianning’s view, it is the strong sense of history in The Only Way that brings profound thoughts to the audience. "No matter how far the road goes, you can’t forget the past; No matter how long the road is, you can’t forget why you started. The film combines history with reality and tradition with the new era, which brings a strong shock to people. "

　　"The charm of The Only Way lies in the combination of classics and storytelling." Guo Jianning was the first candidate who resumed the college entrance examination in 1977. From his own experience, this political film also made him feel more deeply that reform and opening up is a key measure to determine the fate of contemporary China, which has changed the fate of many people. "The only way" not only tells the moving story of reform and opening up, but also tells the thought of the supreme leader governing the country. The combination of the two makes the people understand it, and it is more impressive. "

　　Chief Director: It’s no exaggeration to describe the reform and opening up in grand language.

　　"There may be many ways for the world to discuss China’s success, but the evaluation is highly consistent in terms of the significance of China’s success." Xiao Zhensheng, the general director of the political film The Only Way, said in an exclusive interview with reporters that China’s 40 years of reform and opening up were 40 years of hard work, forge ahead, keep pace with the times and embrace the world under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

　　"Reform and opening up have changed China and affected the world. It is no exaggeration to describe her in any magnificent language. " Xiao Zhensheng said that some people call it the most important event since the 20th century, others call it the miracle of the East, and others say it is the heaviest historical chapter of the world socialist movement in the past 500 years. Since the industrial revolution, there has never been a country like China that brought nearly 1.4 billion people into middle-income countries in just 40 years, and it was not through colonization or war.

　　What kind of brand-new course has China embarked on as a "key choice" of reform and opening up? How does this "source of vitality" inspire a steady stream of power for 40 years? How does this "important magic weapon" push China to make a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and "getting strong"? Where did this "only way" come from and where will it take China? In Xiao Zhensheng’s view, in the celebration of 40 years of reform and opening up, as a national television station, we have the responsibility to give our answers to these questions of history and the times. This is the original intention of creating the political film The Only Way.

　　Xiao Zhensheng said, "The broadcast of this political feature film will further enhance people’s confidence and determination to carry out reform and opening up to the end under the guidance of the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era."

　　Audience: The people are the biggest beneficiaries of reform and opening up.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal." "Fully demonstrate the gold content of the reform plan and let the people have more sense of gain." The 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up, history is the best witness, and the people are the biggest beneficiaries.

　　"From the development of agriculture to the reform of state-owned enterprises, from the reform of economic system to the accession to the WTO and now to the manufacturing in China, I can see my blood boiling." Talking about the feeling of watching The Only Way, Yang Miaomiao, the bus driver, opened his mouth to reporters. "My parents are both born after 50. They have all experienced natural disasters for three years, and they have all tasted the taste of being hungry. They have saved money all their lives and often told me how to think hard. The great changes in people’s lives brought about by the reform and opening up described in the political commentary film are obvious to all. "

　　As a traffic person, Yang Miaomiao has paid special attention to the development of traffic in China since the reform and opening up. Yang Miaomiao said, "My hometown of Bengbu is ‘ The city pulled by the train ’ , is an important transportation hub in northern Anhui. I remember when I was a child, I went to Beijing and took a green leather train and crashed for a long time. After the reform and opening-up, T63 was opened, and the morning and evening dawned. Nowadays, taking a high-speed train to take a trip has long been the most popular way to travel. "

　　"The 40 years of reform and opening up are also 40 years of restoration and reconstruction of procuratorial organs." As a post-70 s, Guo Yanping, the head of the unchecked department of Jianghan District People’s Procuratorate in Wuhan, witnessed the changes brought about by the reform and opening up to the people, and also witnessed the innovative development of the procuratorial cause. "New era and new journey, as prosecutors, we will never forget our initial intentions, forge ahead and write a new chapter in procuratorial work."

　　For Vagrancy, a student of Wuhan University, the political film "The Only Way" is different from ordinary textbooks. It uses a large number of historical materials and cases, and uses the language of sound and pictures to review the development process since the reform and opening up.

　　"From women workers in textile mills to oil workers in oil fields, everyone of them is ‘ Oriental giant ’ I have dedicated my strength today. " Vagrancy mentioned to reporters that the story of two generations’ youthful blood for Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway made her feel the great change of China’s speed, and also reminded people that behind this, there is the hard work and sweat paid by the builders of the Republic.

　　Talking about the fact that reform and opening up have injected great power and vitality into the development of civil aviation industry, Cheng Xiaoyun from Anhui Air Traffic Control Branch of Civil Aviation told reporters that every development of civil aviation air traffic control system in the past 40 years has been a qualitative leap from initial visual flight to instrument flight, from program control to radar control, from single runway to double runway and multi-runway operation.

　　The 40 years of reform and opening-up are also the 40 years of all-round development of China’s manufacturing industry. As the leader of China’s construction machinery industry, Xugong Group has witnessed the development and expansion of China’s manufacturing industry with the growth of the Republic. According to Jiang Nan, secretary of the Party Committee of Xugong Import and Export Corporation, emancipating the mind to promote high-quality development, persisting in the road of internationalization and contributing a world-class brand from China to the world are the due contributions made by China manufacturing enterprises to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Sinochem, a state-owned enterprise with a history of nearly 70 years, is the builder, participant and beneficiary of China’s reform and opening up. Han Bing, vice president of Sinochem Energy Co., Ltd. believes that for state-owned enterprises, to build a world-class enterprise, it is necessary to further integrate into the trend of national reform and opening up and start a new long March of deepening reform.

　　Zhang Zhijuan, a propaganda member of Xiaguan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, also expressed his experience in watching "The Only Way". "Reform and opening up have witnessed the changes of the times and the reform process of the ecological relocation of Erhai Lake. It is our unshirkable responsibility to vigorously promote the concept of ecological civilization construction in the new era and protect the Erhai Lake. "

　　Highlighting the mission of state-owned central enterprises in poverty alleviation

　　The State Council SASAC Party Committee

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has issued a great call to the whole Party to resolutely win the fight against poverty, and personally organized and implemented the largest and strongest fight against poverty in human history. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly instructed state-owned enterprises to play an important role in tackling poverty, emphasizing that "state-owned enterprises should undertake more poverty alleviation and development tasks" and "central enterprises undertaking designated poverty alleviation tasks should take assistance as a political responsibility and cannot be vague at all". The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and the central enterprises resolutely implement the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, regard helping to fight poverty as a major political task, and devote all their efforts to fighting poverty with the responsibility of being a big country. Over the past eight years, all the 248 key poverty alleviation and development counties designated by state-owned central enterprises have been lifted out of poverty, and all the 12,000 poverty alleviation points arranged by the competent departments of the industry and local party committees and governments have been completed. The accumulated direct investment and introduction of various funds in poverty-stricken areas has exceeded 100 billion yuan, including more than 54 billion yuan of free assistance funds, successfully completing various poverty alleviation tasks and helping the broad masses in poverty-stricken areas to embark on the road of common prosperity.

　　First, adhere to the professional expertise and strive to change the backward conditions of production and life in poverty-stricken areas.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to focus on improving production and living conditions, focusing on strengthening infrastructure such as farmland water conservancy, transportation and communication, and public services such as technical training, education and medical care, especially to solve the "last mile" problem of entering villages and households. State-owned central enterprises make full use of superior resources, give full play to enterprise expertise, accelerate infrastructure construction in poverty-stricken areas, unblock congestion points and fill shortcomings, which greatly speeds up the modernization process in poverty-stricken areas.

　　Completed the "road to wealth".Poverty-stricken areas, often with complex topography and poor natural conditions, are isolated from the world and become the heaviest "stone" on the poor people. If you want to be rich, first build roads and get through transportation lines is an important basic work to get rid of poverty. Central construction enterprises have built a large number of infrastructure projects such as railways, highways, bridges and tunnels with high quality, which greatly improved the level of transportation infrastructure in poor areas; Central aviation enterprises have continuously improved their route network, and set up an air road connecting poor areas with the outside. At the same time, state-owned central enterprises have also established a poverty alleviation mechanism of "where the project is built and where the poverty alleviation work is followed up". In Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, where traffic is extremely inconvenient, a large number of central enterprises such as china huadian and China Communications Group invested in building bridges and roads, which solved the long-standing travel problem of local people in one fell swoop.

　　Sent "Huimin Power".The lack of power grid coverage and unstable power consumption have always been a difficult problem that restricts the economic and social development of poor areas. The electric power enterprises of the Central Power Grid have accelerated the new round of rural power grid transformation and upgrading and village-to-village power and electricity projects, with a cumulative investment of more than one trillion yuan, and completed the goal of poverty alleviation and power grid construction ahead of schedule. Only one well is electrified, which can save 2.75 million tons of fuel every year and reduce the irrigation cost of farmers by 11.6 billion yuan. The State Grid overcame the construction difficulties in the plateau area and carried out the Qinghai-Tibet power interconnection project. Four "power roads", including the Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Tibet-China and Ali interconnection projects, crossed mountains and rivers, completely solving the problem of power shortage that has plagued Tibetan areas for many years. China huadian has implemented the comprehensive energy utilization demonstration of "photovoltaic+energy storage+sewage treatment+agriculture and forestry irrigation" and the demonstration projects of changing dry toilets into water toilets, electric heating kang and replacing electricity with firewood in Banyan New Village, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, creating a "new plateau model" for electric power to serve rural revitalization.

　　Central enterprises put health and poverty alleviation in an important position, and strive to solve outstanding difficulties such as "difficult to see a doctor" and "far away from seeing a doctor" in poverty-stricken areas. Since 2004, China Petrochemical has carried out the "China Petrochemical Guangming" health express public welfare project for 16 consecutive years, which has enabled 46,000 poor cataract patients to see the light again. The picture shows that on May 13th, 2015, the "China Petrochemical Guangming" Health Express launched a public welfare activity in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. Photo courtesy of China Petrochemical Wang Zhidong/photo

　　Opened the "happiness network".In the information age, the "digital divide" is an important aspect that causes poverty-stricken areas to fall behind. Central telecom enterprises have vigorously carried out communication poverty alleviation, with a cumulative investment of more than 200 billion yuan, continuously improved the information and communication infrastructure construction in poverty-stricken areas, and carried out telephone projects and universal pilot services for telecommunications in every village. The poor villages have over 98% access to optical fiber and 4G, and launched a "poverty alleviation package" for the poor people in rural areas, effectively bridging the "digital divide" between urban and rural areas. The poor people in the deep mountains and valleys have also boarded the Internet express train, and online goods have become a weapon for poverty alleviation. China Telecom has been fighting for more than 100 days, and people are carrying communication equipment on their backs, which has completely opened up the information road in Atulier Village, Zhaojue County, Sichuan Province, and the communication level of "Cliff Village" has "stepped over the Millennium".

　　Supported the "medical team."Poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness are the "hard bones" in tackling poverty. Central enterprises put health and poverty alleviation in an important position, investing 2.2 billion yuan in medical assistance funds in poverty-stricken areas, building (donating) more than 2,600 hospitals and rural health centers, donating a large number of advanced medical equipment to poverty-stricken areas, training a large number of medical staff, and carrying out a series of activities such as sending doctors to the countryside and free clinics, striving to solve outstanding difficulties such as "difficult to see a doctor" and "far away from seeing a doctor". Sinopharm Group gave full play to the advantages of the whole industrial chain of the medical and health industry, donated equipment to 21 medical institutions, helped Zhiduo County in Qinghai Province, which is located in the plateau, to upgrade the level of medical institutions and trained thousands of medical staff from all over the country. China Petrochemical Company has carried out the "China Petrochemical Guangming" health express public welfare project for 16 consecutive years, which has enabled 46,000 poor cataract patients to see the light again. China Three Gorges Group has carried out the "Happy Smile" charity activity for 10 consecutive years, helping more than 600 children with cleft lip and palate from poor families to undergo plastic surgery and rehabilitation treatment.

　　Second, adhere to give full play to industrial advantages, so that poor areas can connect with Unicom’s vast market.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that developing industry is the fundamental strategy to achieve poverty alleviation, and it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions and take cultivating industry as the fundamental way to promote poverty alleviation. State-owned central enterprises always insist on closely linking the industrial advantages of enterprises with the resource endowments of poverty-stricken areas, solving the needs of poverty-stricken areas in industrial poverty alleviation, solving the urgent needs of poor people in consumption poverty alleviation, and truly helping poverty alleviation to the point and root.

　　Pay attention to embodying characteristics in industrial cultivation.Industrial cultivation is the first move for industrial poverty alleviation. State-owned central enterprises fully consider the endowment structure and economic characteristics of natural resources, ecological environment, land, labor and other factors in poverty-stricken areas, seize the "unique share" of poverty-stricken areas, vigorously develop characteristic industries in poverty-stricken areas according to local conditions, and build more than 50,000 industrial poverty alleviation projects, support 12,000 leading rural enterprises and rural cooperatives, introduce more than 2,400 poverty alleviation enterprises, and drive investment of more than 20 billion yuan. In Zhashui County, Shaanxi Province, China Railway Group carried out industrial poverty alleviation around characteristic agricultural products such as auricularia auricula, which helped the local area to establish an industrial chain of "production, packaging and sales". During the inspection, General Secretary Ceng Dian praised "small auricularia auricula, big industry". China Tourism Group and OCT Group deeply explore the tourism resources to help poor counties, help to make tourism plans, train management teams, cultivate tourism routes and build brand scenic spots.

　　Developing industry is the fundamental strategy to get rid of poverty. Through industrial support, tuanjie village, Zhaojue County, Liangshan Prefecture, assisted by China Huaneng Sichuan Company, took off the hat of a poor village. The picture shows that on March 30, 2020, a poor household in the village was smiling after the harvest of the "Borrowing Sheep to Return Sheep" project. Photo courtesy of China Huaneng Sichuan Company He Song/photo

　　Pay attention to brand promotion in expanding the market.Brand poverty alleviation is an important starting point for industrial poverty alleviation. Only by inserting the wings of brands can the characteristic products in poor areas fly out of ravines and become golden phoenix. Ordnance Industry Group cooperated with FAO to promote the "Double Heritage" project of Hani Terrace in Honghe County, Yunnan Province, making Hani Terrace a continuous driving force for upgrading the tourism industry and revitalizing the countryside in Honghe County. SINOMACH has turned "Maliu Embroidery" in Chaotian District of Sichuan Province into a local folk culture brand, stepped onto the CCTV stage and entered the United Nations. By developing aviation meals, AVIC, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines promoted the special products of "flying in the blue sky" and "floating in the cabin", which not only enriched the types of meals, but also effectively promoted the sales and brand promotion of poverty alleviation products.

　　Pay attention to building a platform in consumer assistance.Establishing a stable sales channel is the key to form a closed loop of industrial poverty alleviation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, state-owned central enterprises have actively built a network bridge between "small commodities of thousands of households" and "ever-changing big markets" in poverty-stricken areas, purchased more than 14 billion yuan of agricultural products in poverty-stricken areas, and helped to sell more than 4 billion yuan of agricultural products in poverty-stricken areas. A "happy sales network" has been established to benefit the people in poverty-stricken areas. COFCO introduced 579 poverty alleviation products covering 63 state-level poverty-stricken counties in 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) through its "I Buy Net". China Minmetals resolutely carried out the important instructions made by the Supreme Leader General Secretary in Huayuan County, Hunan Province, "Know what to plant, what to raise and where to increase income, and help villagers find a good way to get rid of poverty and get rich", and explored and established a closed-loop industrial poverty alleviation model of "central enterprises’ investment+rural cooperative operation+driving the income of establishing card holders+enterprises buying products" in the local area.

　　Third, adhere to the simultaneous support of the will and wisdom, and effectively enhance the ability of the poor to become rich through hard work.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is important to get rid of poverty and become rich. As long as you have confidence, loess will become gold; It is necessary to strengthen the combination of poverty alleviation with supporting ambition and wisdom, stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of poor people, encourage and guide them to change their destiny by their own efforts, and make poverty alleviation have sustainable endogenous motivation. State-owned central enterprises attach great importance to enhancing the self-awareness and development concept of the poor people to get rich through hard work, paying attention to teaching the poor people their labor skills and skills to get rich, and pushing the poor people to actually change from "I want to get rid of poverty" to "I want to get rid of poverty" and "I can get rid of poverty".

　　To strengthen education and change ideas.Only when you have a rich brain can you drum up your pockets, and education is the fundamental policy to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. State-owned central enterprises have invested a total of 5.4 billion yuan in education assistance funds, aided more than 2,400 schools and subsidized more than 1.1 million poor students. The summer camp activities of the central enterprise "Young Eagle Central Enterprise Bank" and the "Going Out" assistance plan of China Merchants Group in Naqu, Tibet helped Tibetan middle school students and school-age children to walk out of the mountains, enter the city and broaden their horizons. China Telecom fully supports the pilot action of "learning Putonghua before school" in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and invests hundreds of millions of yuan to solve the communication bottleneck in deep poverty areas and expand the network coverage of preschool education sites in remote areas. The National Energy Group has invested 400 million yuan in poverty alleviation through education, implemented 114 projects and built 14,604 "Love Books".

　　Education is the fundamental policy to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In the decisive battle to get rid of poverty, state-owned central enterprises pay attention to the combination of poverty alleviation and support for ambition and wisdom, and strive to "help the poor in education." The picture shows the Three Gorges Hope Primary School in Xingshan County, Hubei Province, aided by China Three Gorges Group. The group has donated 720 million yuan to help the poor through education. Photo courtesy of China Three Gorges Group

　　Strengthen training to improve the ability to get rich.It is an effective way to stimulate the endogenous motivation to get rid of poverty and become rich by strengthening the skills training of poor families’ labor force and promoting poor families’ labor force to master more practical skills. China Railway has built a precision poverty alleviation skills education and training base in Rucheng County, Hunan Province, connecting the training and employment chain and continuing the "half quilt" friendship between communist party people and ordinary people. Aerospace science and technology pays attention to creating a poverty alleviation model of "science and technology+employment" and vigorously promotes the development of vocational education in poverty-stricken counties. Poly Group established "Poly Spark Class" to carry out "order" and "orientation" skills training for the children of poor households who set up a card.

　　To help employment and enhance development momentum.One person is employed, and the whole family is lifted out of poverty. Helping people in poverty-stricken areas to find jobs is the most direct and fastest way to get rid of poverty. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council promoted the establishment of a poverty alleviation fund for central enterprises jointly funded by all central enterprises, with a cumulative rolling investment of 34 billion yuan and 132 investment projects, which led to the employment of 550,000 people in poverty-stricken areas and provided income of 4.8 billion yuan for the employed population every year. Central enterprises directly recruited more than 50,000 poor people and helped more than 600,000 poor laborers to find jobs. In view of the special difficulties brought by the COVID-19 epidemic to the poor people going out to work, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council timely organized a special campaign of "fighting the epidemic, stabilizing posts and expanding employment", and held a special job fair for poor migrant workers in designated poverty-stricken counties, providing 147,000 jobs and recruiting 54,000 people.

　　Fourth, persist in focusing on deep poverty-stricken areas and ensure that no one falls behind on the road to a well-off society.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that deep poverty-stricken areas are the solid foundation for tackling poverty. It is necessary to deeply understand the arduousness, importance and urgency of completing the task of tackling poverty as scheduled in deep poverty-stricken areas, and adopt more concentrated support, more effective measures and more powerful work to solidly promote poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas. State-owned central enterprises focus on deep poverty-stricken areas such as "three districts and three States", promote poverty alleviation resources to gather in deep poverty-stricken areas, and resolutely fight the battle of deep poverty and annihilation.

　　Deepen the attack.To conquer the fortress of deep poverty, organizational leadership is the guarantee. The deep poverty-stricken areas represented by "three districts and three states" are the hard ones in tackling poverty, and they are the hard ones in this tough battle. We must concentrate our superior forces and go all out to push forward. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council has held 14 special meetings to help deep-seated poverty-stricken areas, held a symposium on industrial aid from central enterprises to Xinjiang, and helped Qinghai to develop in a sustained and healthy way. It organized activities for central enterprises to help enrich the people and promote Tibet, and the main responsible comrades led a team to Gansu, Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai for investigation and held a poverty alleviation site promotion meeting. Under the strong impetus, the number of poverty-stricken counties designated by central enterprises for poverty alleviation and counterpart support in "three districts and three states" has reached 78, and poverty alleviation resources have been continuously gathered in deep poverty-stricken areas.

　　Pay close attention to improving the style of tackling difficulties.Whether the task of getting rid of poverty can be completed with high quality depends on people and the style of cadres. The State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) has earnestly carried out the special treatment of work style problems in the field of poverty alleviation, focused on solving the outstanding problems in the field of poverty alleviation, such as weak "four consciousnesses", inadequate implementation of responsibilities, inaccurate work measures, irregular management and use of funds, unsound work style and lax assessment, and guided enterprises to pay more attention to deep poverty-stricken areas, and guided poverty alleviation cadres to dive down and work with the poor. From the loess high slope to the snowy tianlu, from the northwest border to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, there are poverty alleviation teams of state-owned central enterprises in 14 concentrated contiguous poverty-stricken areas across the country.

　　Comprehensively ensure the effectiveness of tackling the problem.It is the goal of poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas to let the villagers live a good life without missing a village or leaving a person. China Huaneng, China Datang and China Three Gorges Group fully supported Yunnan Province to win the tough battle of "going straight through the nation" to get rid of poverty, and invested nearly 6 billion yuan to help solve the survival and development dilemma of "going straight through the nation". China Resources Group has built 12 "China Resources Hope Towns" in the old revolutionary base areas and poverty-stricken areas, and created a number of socialist new villages and towns with vibrant agricultural development and distinctive local and ethnic characteristics. China Petrochemical resolutely implemented the fixed-point assistance task for Bulenggou Village in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Gansu Province, attracting happy water, repairing Huimin Road and building a new countryside, effectively changing the local poverty.

　　Five, adhere to the leadership of the party, fully demonstrate the political nature of the state-owned central enterprises.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that organizational leadership is the guarantee to win the battle against poverty. Adhering to the party’s leadership and giving full play to the advantage that the socialist system can concentrate on doing great things is our greatest political advantage. Party organizations at all levels of state-owned central enterprises take it as their unshirkable political responsibility to help fight poverty, strengthen party building, improve and perfect the strong working system of poverty alleviation organizations, and improve the working mechanism of implementing them at all levels to provide a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of poverty alleviation tasks.

　　Gather extraordinary efforts to establish a strong and efficient poverty alleviation system.The Party Committee of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council set up a leading group for poverty alleviation and development, and organized central enterprises to sign a letter of responsibility for designated poverty alleviation every year, which was regarded as an important content of business performance evaluation. Party committees (party groups) of central enterprises have all set up leading bodies for poverty alleviation work and improved the organizational system for poverty alleviation work. Since 2017 alone, more than 3,000 poverty alleviation meetings have been held, and more than 2,400 members of the leading bodies have gone to designated poverty alleviation counties for special promotion work. Party organizations at all levels of state-owned central enterprises regard poverty alleviation as the "top leader" project special research, special deployment and special promotion. Leading cadres at all levels resolutely shoulder the political responsibility of poverty alleviation, forming a vivid situation in which state-owned central enterprises are mobilized, cadres and workers are working together, and they are linked up and down.

　　Implement extraordinary measures to explore a precise and effective path of poverty alleviation and development.To carry out the basic strategy of precise poverty alleviation, the Party Committee of the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission has successively issued 10 poverty alleviation documents, clarifying the basic principles, main tasks, work priorities and specific requirements for poverty alleviation in deep poverty-stricken areas of "three districts and three states". Based on the wishes of local governments, the needs of the masses and the capabilities of enterprises, the Party Committee (Party Group) of central enterprises has made practical moves in precise policy, made real achievements in precise promotion and achieved practical results in precise landing, and truly helped the poor to the point and the root, realizing a virtuous circle of industrial benefits, people’s income, enterprises’ returns and local development.

　　Do our utmost to forge a poverty alleviation team that dares to fight and win.Taking the front line of poverty alleviation as an important platform for training and training cadres, we selected elite soldiers and strong generals to be directly embedded in poverty-stricken areas, and sent a total of 37,000 poverty alleviation cadres. The poverty alleviation cadres of state-owned central enterprises fought with the local people and forged a deep friendship. In particular, 19 poverty alleviation cadres from 12 central enterprises, including China National Nuclear Corporation, have sacrificed their lives in the front line of poverty alleviation work, and they have written songs of poverty alleviation and youth in the new era with their lives, which are widely praised by cadres and workers of state-owned central enterprises and grassroots people in helping areas. Comrade Qiu Jun, a poverty alleviation cadre of chemical engineering in China, was appointed as the deputy magistrate of Huachi County, Gansu Province, and was exhausted in the poverty alleviation post. He still missed the poor people in the intensive care unit for only three days, wrote three unfinished poverty alleviation jobs with trembling handwriting, and left a message to his wife and two young children, "I miss having dinner with my family, so I will buy it and make it for you", and fulfilled the initial mission of communist party people with the action of serving the public wholeheartedly and sacrificing myself.

　　Make great efforts to build a number of strong fighting fortresses rooted in the countryside.Taking Party building as an important starting point for poverty alleviation, more than 18,000 Party branches have been jointly established in poverty-stricken areas and more than 270,000 grassroots cadres have been trained, which has effectively enhanced the political function and organizational power of grassroots party organizations in poverty-stricken areas. The poverty alleviation cadres of state-owned central enterprises walked into the village and sat on the kang to convey the voice of the party face to face, and sent the care and warmth of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the CPC Central Committee to the hearts of the poor people, so that the people in the helping areas really felt that communist party was good, socialism was good and the great motherland was good. "In the past, I only knew that central enterprises were big, but now I know that central enterprises listen to the party most" and "Thank the central enterprises for thanking the party". These simple words of ordinary people are the biggest praise for state-owned central enterprises to resolutely achieve "two maintenance" and implement the party’s poverty alleviation policy to the letter.

　　Entering a new stage of development and marching towards a new journey, state-owned central enterprises must make new achievements. The Party Committee of the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) and the Party Committee (Party Group) of central enterprises will organically unify the promotion of enterprises’ own reform and development with the consolidation and expansion of poverty alleviation achievements and the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization, so as to ensure the implementation of the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee with more powerful measures and gather more powerful forces and make greater contributions to building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

Austin Battersea Stehelin, a Swiss professor at the School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Xie Zhiping, an associate professor at the School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Yangcheng Evening News reporter Huang Yijun.　

Austin Battersea Stehelin was awarded the 2019 China Government Friendship Award (photo courtesy of the respondent).

　　On the afternoon of September 30th, the awarding ceremony of 2019 China Government Friendship Award was held in the Great Hall of the People. According to the news released by the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province, a total of seven foreign high-end experts were selected in Guangdong this time, and the number of selected experts was the highest in the past years. Among the seven experts, there is Christian Balthasar Staehelin, a full-time professor of Sun Yat-sen University, an academic leader of the State Key Laboratory of Pest Control and Resource Utilization, who is committed to studying plant genetic resources and genetic improvement.

　　Fourteen years ago, the Swiss Austin Battersea Stehelin and his wife Xie Zhiping from China traveled across the ocean to the School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, bringing the international cutting-edge biological nitrogen fixation technology.

　　They provided more than 100 valuable rhizobia germplasm resources to China free of charge, uncovered the "language code" between these microorganisms and leguminous plants, created a "vanguard" of microorganisms and leguminous plants for soil remediation, and used green methods to make polluted mines return to green mountains.

　　Recently, the reporter interviewed the couple exclusively and listened to their stories about Professor Yang’s feelings in China.

　　A

　　Bring cutting-edge technology and valuable strains.

　　Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. There is nearly 80% nitrogen in the atmosphere on the earth’s surface, but plants can’t absorb it directly from the air. At present, industrial chemical fertilizer is the most common nitrogen fixation method. However, only one-third of the nitrogen in chemical fertilizer can be absorbed by plants, and the remaining two-thirds remain in nature, causing problems such as soil hardening, water pollution, eutrophication of water bodies and increase of greenhouse gases.

　　Is there a more environmentally friendly way to make plants thrive? Austin Battersea Stehelin spent 30 years studying a group of microorganisms called rhizobia.

　　In China, this Swiss professor has a kind name — — "Old history". Walking into the plant room of the laboratory and picking up a Japanese lotus root, Lao Shi excitedly pointed to the tumors the size of rice grains between the plant roots in the culture solution and said, "Look, this is the nodule."

　　The mystery of plant growth lies in these small "rice grains".

　　When the right rhizobia meet the right plants, they can "talk" and coexist — — Rhizobia absorb nitrogen from the air and provide it to plants, and plants provide carbohydrates for rhizobia.

　　Once their "language code" is cracked, Lao Shi can accurately select rhizobia according to the needs of different plants and fix the nitrogen in the air on the roots of plants. Almost all of the nitrogen fixed by nodules will be absorbed by plants. In this way, no matter how harsh the environment is, as long as there is air, plants can thrive. This is the secret of biological nitrogen fixation.

　　It is not easy to find the right rhizobia. Lao Shi told reporters that in the current research, rhizobia can only interact with leguminous plants, and the bacteria that can successfully form nodules are even rarer. In China, this research is still very unpopular because of the high technical threshold and difficult strain screening.

　　In 2005, the old Shi Xuan and his wife Xie Zhiping, who are well-known in the international biological nitrogen fixation academic circles, both came to China to teach at Sun Yat-sen University. At the same time, he put his years of research efforts — — More than 100 rhizobia germplasm resources and effective technology for extracting nodulation factors were provided to China free of charge.

　　The broad-spectrum rhizobia 234 brought by him has been used as the "standard/control" bacteria for scientific research by many domestic research institutions, and the nodulation factor extracted has also been used as the "key" scientific research element for many scientific research institutions. He brought the latest scientific research ideas to China, which opened up a new prospect of nitrogen-fixing scientific research in China, and was recommended as the project leader of the National Key Basic Research Development Plan (973 Plan) (Molecular Mechanism of Nitrogen-fixing Nodules in Leguminosae Plants).

　　B

　　Couples work together to study soil pollution remediation.

　　Basic research is very boring. This bench has been used by Lao Shi for 30 years, and nearly half of the time has been spent in China.

　　"He likes doing scientific research and can sit still in the laboratory." Xie Zhiping, the wife of Lao Shi and an associate professor at the School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, laughed.

　　The love story between Lao Shi and Xie Zhiping is romantic in the ordinary. Xie Zhiping is a native of Guangzhou. She studied in Guangdong Experimental Middle School in middle school and graduated from Sun Yat-sen University. She studied for a master’s degree and a doctor’s degree in university of basel, the oldest Swiss city, and got to know the old history. After graduating from Ph.D., Lao Shi went to the French National Academy of Sciences for postdoctoral research, and then returned to work at the University of Geneva.

　　In a foreign country, Xie Zhi often misses his hometown. She proposed that she wanted to return to China and her alma mater, Sun Yat-sen University. "Guangzhou is your home, that is my home, let’s go together!" Lao Shi said.

　　In 2005, "Professor Yang" really came. Xie Zhiping told reporters that at that time, there were very few western scientists introduced in China, and Lao Shi was the first full-time foreign professor introduced by Sun Yat-sen University.

　　Fourteen years ago, domestic scientific research conditions could not be compared with those in Europe at that time. At that time, Guangzhou University Town had just been completed, and the hot summer in Lingnan made it difficult for the old history who grew up in Europe to adapt. Air conditioning became his "life-saving straw".

　　Back in the lab, everything started from scratch. Mr. and Mrs. Lao Shi took the students to design their own molds for cultivating plants and build greenhouses.

　　"Before coming to China, many people told me that China was too far away. But in my research world, China’s laboratory is no different from foreign laboratories. " Lao Shi told reporters. With the support of Sun Yat-sen University, the laboratory gradually took shape, and an interdisciplinary research team including botany, microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology was established. Lao Shi also instructed team members to publish more than 50 high-level papers in international academic journals.

　　"We like nature very much and hope to do something when we see that the environment is polluted." Lao Shi said.

　　To this end, the couple often take their students to collect soil samples in the wild, and go wherever they are "dirty". The reporter saw that there were polluted river sludge, extremely acidic polluted mineral soil, extremely salty sea sand and barren desert soil in the laboratory. They used these soils, added rhizobia, planted all kinds of leguminous plants, and explored the interaction between rhizobia and rice, corn and other crops to meet the needs of various soils and even sewage treatment.

　　C

　　Willing to contribute to environmental protection in China.

　　According to Lao Shi, every tiny nodule is a natural "garbage disposal plant" and "microbial hospital". Some rhizobia can absorb heavy metals in polluted soil; Some can fix nitrogen in nutrient-free soil to promote plant growth.

　　Three years ago, with the full support of Sun Yat-sen University and Kangtai Minsheng Environmental Science Research Institute, Lao Shi and his wife chose a 30-mu abandoned rare earth mining area in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province to carry out soil remediation experiments. It was a devastated piece of rare earth tailings. Rare earth mining seriously damaged the original ecology of the mine, resulting in soil erosion, serious pollution of downstream rivers and lakes and groundwater, and deterioration of the ecological environment. The strong acid soaking in the process of rare earth mining almost made this land lose its vitality — — The soil desertification is serious and extremely barren, the ability of water and fertilizer conservation is poor, the organic matter and other soil essential elements are lacking, and the soil microbial diversity is seriously damaged.

　　"Almost no plants can grow in such bad soil." This is the first impression left by the field trip to the couple.

　　The local people tried to repair it. They used the most primitive "alien soil method". They transported good soil from other places to cover the polluted soil with a thickness of about 30 cm, and then planted plants. This method treats the symptoms rather than the root cause. After the restoration, the first batch of plants are planted and die soon, and then they are planted again, and so on. The cost of repairing an acre of land alone will cost tens of thousands of yuan.

　　Mr. and Mrs. Lao Shi did an experiment with biological nitrogen fixation: Stylosanthes leguminosa was planted here as a "pioneer" and supplemented with corresponding rhizobia to "cure the disease" for this soil. What is the actual effect? Three years later, Lao Shi went to see it again. Not only did Stylosanthes grow lush, but the pine trees originally planted here also survived, growing four or five meters high. "With the joint action of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing plants, this soil has returned to health and other plants can grow well."

　　Now, Lao Shi and his team have chosen a new pilot and brought this "vanguard" to Dabaoshan Mine in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, to pilot soil remediation. Xie Zhiping told reporters that they are still trying to purify sewage with rhizobia and leguminous plants in the laboratory. "Sewage is actually eutrophic. Leguminous plants with rhizobia can absorb nutrients and toxic molecules in sewage. Once the plants are pulled out, the water will be clearer."

　　Scientists have no borders, and scientific research never stops. Living in China for 14 years has turned Lao Shi from a foreigner who is afraid of heat into a "Guangzhou son-in-law" who can speak a few Cantonese. More and more, he found that his research is very useful for China, especially for environmental governance.

　　"The ultimate goal of scientific research is to serve the society." Lao Shi often warns students, "Do scientific research well, you can’t waste taxpayers’ money, you must give back to the society."

　　"We don’t want to just put knowledge in the laboratory. We have the responsibility and obligation to make some contributions to China and human society." He said.

　　After winning the Friendship Award this time, Lao Shi said: "It is a great honor to be awarded the Friendship Award of the China Municipal Government. I will continue to make efforts to contribute to the green mountains and green hills of China." (Yangcheng Evening News reporter Zhang Luyao)

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　　Recently, Curtis Baldwin, a former foreign teacher of EF Education, an English training institution, was accused of sexually exploiting 12-year-old students in China.

　　Baldwin has been sued in the United States. On October 23rd, Weibo account @ EF Education issued a statement saying that Baldwin was dismissed in November 2019 for violating EF’s code of conduct for employees, and he immediately returned to the United States. The following month, the parents of a former student contacted EF Education and told them that Baldwin might have violated the law in contacting the student through social media in the United States. With the consent of parents, EF North American staff reported the case to the relevant US departments within one week.

　　The statement did not disclose why Baldwin violated the employee code.

　　In response to this matter, on the afternoon of 23rd, the public relations staff of EF Education Shanghai Headquarters responded to The Paper that Curtis Baldwin worked in EF from 2014 to 2019 as an English teacher. In November 2019, EF Education received a complaint against foreign teacher Baldwin, and the company immediately suspended him. The complaint has nothing to do with this case.

　　Regarding the content of the complaint, the publicist did not disclose it, saying that during Baldwin’s tenure, all classrooms of EF were equipped with security monitoring probes.

　　On 23rd, an expert on juvenile protection told The Paper that sexual exploitation is a kind of sexual assault in China’s current law, but the relevant provisions of the law are not comprehensive, for example, there is no provision for perpetrators to sexually exploit minors through the Internet.

　　Ef’s former foreign teacher was accused of sexually exploiting and spreading child pornography.

　　According to the contents of the indictment released by official website, the United States Department of Justice, on October 5th, 47-year-old Curtis Baldwin pleaded guilty in front of David Rush, the chief district judge of the United States, and he confessed to being accused of sexually exploiting minors and receiving and disseminating child pornography.

　　According to the indictment, the suspect Curtis Baldwin, from Springfield, Missouri, worked as an English teacher in EF Education China and left EF Education on November 20, 2019. After returning to Springfield, he contacted a 12-year-old female student who had previously taught in China through WeChat. According to the indictment, Baldwin threatened the girl by publishing naked videos.

　　In addition, according to the indictment, on March 10, 2020, federal agents executed a search warrant at Baldwin’s residence. A number of items were seized, and it was found that Baldwin’s Apple) MacBook Pro laptop contained child pornography files, including several videos of underage women in China having explicit sex.

　　According to the indictment, Baldwin may face at least 15 years in prison according to federal law. The case was filed by Ami Harshad Miller, an assistant U.S. attorney.

　　On 23rd, Lv Xiaoquan, a lawyer of Beijing Qian Qian Law Firm, told The Paper that the term "sexual exploitation" comes from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the concept is not directly put forward in China’s current laws, but the indecency and rape of children, the introduction, organization and forcing of minors to engage in prostitution, the production, publication, dissemination and reproduction of child pornography and the pornographic performances of children in the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) all belong to "sexual exploitation".

　　Niu Shuaishuai, director of the International Cooperation Department of Beijing Youth Legal Aid and Research Center, pointed out that there are many forms of child sexual exploitation, including child pornography, child sexual seduction, child prostitution and sexual extortion against children. Compared with sexual abuse of children, the word "exploitation" contains the meaning of "transaction", that is, there is some form of material or other immaterial transaction between the victim and the perpetrator or the third person.

　　Niu Shuaishuai told The Paper that in China’s current laws, sexual exploitation is a kind of sexual assault, but the relevant provisions of the law are not comprehensive, for example, there is no provision for perpetrators to sexually exploit minors through the Internet.

　　Girl protection expert: There are more and more cyber sexual assaults, so sex education should be strengthened.

　　The Paper noted that @ EF Education announced in its statement on October 23rd that the parents of the student had contacted the company, and informed that Baldwin had contacted the student through social media in the United States, and there might be illegal acts in communication. With the consent of parents, EF North American staff reported the case to the relevant US departments within one week.

　　Xu Hao, vice chairman of Beijing Zhongyi Public Welfare Foundation and member of the fund management committee of the "Girl Protection" public welfare project, said in an interview with The Paper that in this incident, the girl’s parents contacted EF Education after seeing the information, which is very correct and worth learning.

　　Xu Hao said that at present, there are more and more sexual assaults on the Internet. For example, sex-related activities in the form of videos, pictures, voices, and words can be regarded as sexual assaults on minors.

　　Faced with this phenomenon, Xu Hao said that parents need to strengthen supervision and teach their children how to prevent sexual assault. "Parents should pay attention to what their children are doing online and consciously help them identify what is harmful and inaccessible."

　　Xu Hao said that parents can set up interception software for their children’s daily computer and mobile phone terminals. In addition, in terms of sex education, parents should correctly guide their children, not "talk about sex change", and learn to distinguish which behaviors involve sexual induction.

　　Niu Shuaishuai suggested that on the issue of sexual abuse and exploitation of minors, the most important thing is to prevent the occurrence of such incidents, and to nip the bud of crime in the beginning by strengthening sex education. Niu Shuaishuai mentioned that Article 40 of the newly revised Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that schools and kindergartens should carry out sex education suitable for minors, which is a major breakthrough in sex education for minors in the Law on the Protection of Minors.

　　In addition, Niu Shuaishuai suggested that an information inquiry system for criminals such as sexual assault, abuse, trafficking and violent injury should be established at the national level, and free inquiry services should be provided to units that are in close contact with minors, such as educational institutions.

Welcome to [Autohome Quanzhou Promotion Channel] to bring you the freshest car market trends. Currently, high-profile models are undergoing an unprecedented promotion. In the bustling city of Quanzhou, car buyers are fortunate to enjoy amazing discounts of up to 170,000 yuan, and the minimum starting price has been reduced to 279,900. This is a great opportunity not to be missed. Want to know more about specific discounts and get higher car purchase discounts? Don’t hesitate to click "Check Car Price" in the quotation form to put your Jaguar XFL dream within reach.

The Jaguar XFL is a luxury sedan that combines elegance and power, and its exterior design is unique and eye-catching. The front face features Jaguar’s signature family-style design, and the iconic large-mouth air intake grille is like a leopard’s fangs, which is imposing. The streamlined body lines give the XFL a dynamic aesthetic, and the overall style blends modern and classic to reveal the essence of British luxury. The chrome trim is just right to enhance the luxury of the vehicle, which is unforgettable at a glance.

The Jaguar XFL exudes British luxury with its elegant body proportions and well-designed side lines. This sedan has an impressive length, width and height, which is 5102mm x 1890mm x 1456mm, giving it a stable and spacious body. The 3100mm wheelbase ensures the comfort of the interior space, and the front and rear wheels are 1605mm and 1609mm respectively, which further guarantees the driving stability. The tire size is 245/40 R19, and the front and rear wheels are of the same specification. With the delicate wheel design, it not only enhances the visual effect, but also provides good grip and handling performance for the vehicle.

The interior design of the Jaguar XFL is luxurious and exquisite, using luxurious leather materials to create a comfortable and textured driving space. The steering wheel is wrapped in leather, which is not only delicate to the touch, but also equipped with electric up and down + front and rear adjustment functions to ensure the driver’s convenience of control. The center console is equipped with an 11.4-inch large-size touch screen, integrated multimedia system, navigation and phone functions, which is easy to operate and full of technology. In terms of seats, whether it is the driver’s seat or the passenger’s seat, it supports front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment and multi-directional adjustment of high and low and waist support, and the main and passenger seats are equipped with heating functions, providing passengers with a comfortable riding experience. In addition, it is also equipped with front and rear USB/Type-C ports, as well as wireless charging function for mobile phones, to meet the diverse needs of passengers. The power seat memory function is particularly practical in the driver’s seat, enhancing the driver’s personalized settings.

The Jaguar XFL is powered by a powerful 2.0T engine with a maximum power of 184 kW and a torque output of 365 Nm, capable of delivering 250 horsepower. This engine is paired with an 8-speed manual transmission to ensure smooth power transmission and driving pleasure.

To sum up, the Autohome owner’s evaluation of the Jaguar XFL is full of admiration. He said that the car’s appearance is irresistible, cost-effective, rich and luxurious, surpassing the same level of models. The owner strongly recommends that if you pursue the value and high-quality experience, the Jaguar XFL is definitely worth considering, and there is no need to be influenced by online public opinion.

Here at Autohome Chongqing Premium Promotion Channel, we bring you exciting news: this luxury SUV is in the midst of a limited-time promotion. As a leader in the luxury car market, the XT5 is attracting consumers’ attention in Chongqing with an amazing discount of up to 130,000 yuan. The starting price has been reduced to 242,700 yuan, which undoubtedly provides an excellent time for customers who are interested in buying a car. For the latest details of specific models, just click the "Check Car Price" button in the quotation form to easily seize this rare opportunity to save on car purchase costs. Don’t miss it, act now!

The exterior design of the Cadillac XT5 reflects the perfect blend of luxury and sports. The front face features a family-style shield-shaped air intake grille, paired with sharp LED headlights, for a strong visual impact. The body lines are smooth, and the side of the body is full of sculpture, showing strength and elegance. The overall style is atmospheric and stable, and the details reveal exquisite craftsmanship, highlighting the unique charm of the Cadillac brand.

The Cadillac XT5 presents a unique profile with its refined body design. The length, width and height of this model are 4813mm x 1903mm x 1682mm, giving it a solid and dynamic body size. The wheelbase reaches 2857mm, ensuring the comfort of the interior space and driving stability. The tire size is 235/65 R18, and the front and rear wheel tracks are 1645mm, which not only provides good grip, but also complements the wheel style, showing the delicate details and sporty atmosphere of the XT5. Overall, the side lines of the XT5 are smooth and powerful, exuding the perfect combination of luxury and power.

The interior of the Cadillac XT5 is known for its luxury and technological design. The spacious interior of the cabin is made of exquisite leather to provide a comfortable touch for drivers and passengers. The steering wheel is wrapped in leather, which feels delicate and supports manual up, down, and front and rear adjustments, which is convenient for drivers to personalize. The center console is equipped with an 8-inch high definition touch screen, integrated multimedia system, navigation and phone functions, which is convenient to operate and supports automatic speech recognition to enhance the driving experience.

In terms of seats, the front seats provide front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment and waist support, which can realize 4-way adjustment, and are equipped with heating function to ensure the comfort of winter driving. The driver’s seat is also equipped with a power seat memory function, which is convenient for the driver to quickly find a suitable sitting position. The passenger seat also supports multi-directional adjustment to meet the needs of different passengers. The second row of seats supports front and rear movement and backrest tilt, while the rear seats are designed with a proportional reclining design to provide flexible space utilization. The overall interior design is both practical and luxurious, creating an elegant and comfortable interior environment for passengers.

The Cadillac XT5 is powered by a powerful 2.0T engine with a maximum power of 174 kilowatts, providing 237 horsepower. The engine is designed in an L4 layout and can provide 350 Nm of peak torque to the vehicle. Coupled with a precise 9-speed automatic transmission, the XT5 can show efficient and smooth power output during driving.

Summarizing the evaluation of Autohome owners, the Cadillac XT5 has won praise for its atmospheric and stable exterior design and excellent driving control texture. Whether it is in the visual level or the actual driving experience, the XT5 fully demonstrates its charm, bringing a pleasant driving experience to the owner. This evaluation undoubtedly adds more confidence to the performance of the Cadillac XT5 in the market, making it an ideal choice for consumers who pursue quality and practicality.

　　Million Chinese stars, subversion and start again! Recently, Geely China Star Intelligent Dual Engine once again challenged the high difficulty, bravely picking the three major landmarks of Japan’s Tsukuba Circuit, Qiumingshan and Tomei Line, and achieved outstanding performance such as 7.92s 100 kilometers acceleration, 79.9km/h elk, and 4.3L 100 kilometers fuel consumption. It also set the fastest lap record of the first Chinese A-class sedan at Tsukuba Circuit with a lap time of 1:18.03, demonstrating high performance, strong control, and low fuel consumption. All-round hardcore strength. With 1.5TD four-cylinder hybrid special engine + the world’s leading three-speed intelligent frequency conversion technology + X · System intelligent control system and other innovative technologies, China Star Intelligent Dual Engine has broken the long-standing technical barriers of oil mixing, achieved energy-saving, performance and intelligent balanced development, with Chinese solutions and Chinese standards, leading the global oil mixing technology to continue to advance, and quickly entering the more advanced, smarter, safer and more comprehensive Chinese "Star" era.

　　As a classic "Holy Land of Brushing Circles" and F3 race base in Japan, Tsukuba Circuit has a unique design of 8 complex curves including short and compact, low-speed compound curve + high-speed curve + hairpin curve, which places extremely high requirements on the driver’s driving technology and the vehicle’s dynamic performance and control and other comprehensive mechanical qualities. Faced with such a difficult challenge, China Star Intelligent Dual Engine has no stage fright, with 7.92s 100 kilometers acceleration, 34.65m braking distance, 79.9km/h elk, 1 minute, 18 seconds and 03 laps, etc., leading the Japanese Dual Engine products of the same level in an all-round way.

　　China Star Intelligent Dual Engine’s leadership lies not only in its strong power performance, but also in the field of fuel economy. In the fuel consumption test project of the Dongming Line, after 1.5 hours and 104km of uninterrupted driving, the fuel consumption is only 4.3L/100km, and the actual fuel consumption measured by the refueling method is 4.46L/100km. The strength catches up with the same level of oil-mixed models.

　　Behind the outstanding results is the strong confidence and confidence given by the technological innovation of China Star Intelligent Dual Engine. Compared with the Japanese equivalent oil-mixed products, which are mainly fuel-saving self-priming engines + single-speed electric drives, China Star Intelligent Dual Engine is equipped with a 1.5TD direct injection turbocharged hybrid special four-cylinder engine with a thermal efficiency of up to 44.26% as standard, which can release 120kW maximum power and 255N · m maximum torque; then matched with the world’s leading 3-speed intelligent frequency conversion DHT, supports P1 + P2 dual motor drive, and can enter the full speed domain at a speed of more than 20km/h. The maximum wheel end output torque is 4920N · m, and the torque-to-mass ratio is 41N · m/kg. The maximum transmission efficiency is up to 97.5% in the world, with almost no energy loss. Low-speed electricity consumption, medium-speed fuel-saving, and high-speed power supply, China Star Intelligent Dual Engine’s strength subverts the inherent cognition of "hybrid only energy-saving, no performance" shaped by traditional oil-mixed products in the past, and provides users with a new generation of Chinese hybrid solutions and options that "balance performance and fuel-saving".

　　If the Tsukuba Circuit and the Tomei Line in Japan demonstrate the pinnacle of China Star Intelligent Dual Engine’s power performance and energy conservation, then the "holy land of running mountains" in the hearts of many racers, Akiyama Mountain, is the best test ground to show the powerful handling strength of China Star Intelligent Dual Engine. The mountain road of only 3 kilometers has steep twists and turns, with more than 30 corners, and an average of nearly 180 degrees every 100 meters. The road down the mountain is thrilling and exciting, which greatly tests the vehicle’s handling performance and the mechanical quality of the vehicle.

　　Relying on the natural good foundation given by the world-class CMA architecture, L Intelligent Engine is supported by the world’s leading wire-controlled chassis technology, McPherson front suspension, multi-link independent rear frame, ZF DP-EPS steering power system, and the longest suspension stroke design of the same level. With strong grip and excellent corner handling, it can quickly respond to the driver’s intention and accurately feed back road condition information. Whether it is entering a corner, bending, or exiting a corner, the whole vehicle body posture is very beautiful and smooth, bringing a driving texture that combines driving comfort and sports control. Especially under the inherent advantages brought by the 29000N · m/deg torsional stiffness comparable to millions of luxury cars, the dynamic roll stiffness of 3.65deg/g, and the negative camber design of the only racing car in the same class, Xingrui L Intelligent Engine still performs well in the famous five-star autumn famous mountain hairpin bend, which not only accurately locks the wheel track, ensures the accuracy and flexibility of the vehicle, but also enhances the vehicle’s cornering grip and agility, bringing excellent driving confidence and racing-like attacking and cornering experience.

　　No frequency conversion does not save energy, and no performance does not subvert. From the dynamic performance test of Tsukuba Circuit, to the 104km fuel consumption test of Dongming Line, and then to the control test of Qiumingshan, China Star Intelligent Dual Engine has fully confirmed that China Hybrid has the strong strength to subvert the hybrid pattern and redefine the new standard of global hybrid value with excellent performance and leading technical confidence.

　　It is with this kind of product confidence and strong technical confidence that has been rooted in the bones of "not trying is not better than not selling" since its birth, China Star has always insisted on creating high value, constantly breaking through and subverting along the way, running out of China’s "Star" speed, becoming the first high-end series in China’s A-class fuel vehicle market to break through 1 million sales; among them, Xingrui and Xingyue L have entered the hinterland of the A-class mainstream fuel vehicle market, and in April they ranked No. 1 in China’s fuel SUV and sedan sales, leading the new pattern of China’s fuel vehicle market.

　　The next million-dollar era has begun! China Star, China Auto, has never been afraid of head-on competition, dared to show the sword, and let the world see the confident rise and powerful power of Chinese manufacturing.

1905 movie network news Recently, the "China Directors Exchange Program" jointly organized by the Film Bureau of the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television and Twentieth Century Fox Film Company was successfully held in Los Angeles, USA. Seven China directors, including Jason Wu, Kim-ching Luk, Zhao Xiaoding, Zhao Tianyu, Lu Zhengyu, Yang Lei and Liu Yulin, were invited to visit the headquarters of Flowserve Company. This is the second exchange activity between Chinese and foreign film directors held by Flowserve after seven directors were invited in 2016, including Urshan, Zheng Baorui, Ding Sheng, Yu Baimei, Han Yan, Cheng Er and Yang Qing.

　

Chinese and foreign filmmakers talked at the peak, "The director’s duty is to touch the audience."

The four-day exchange training was rich in content. The director group of China, representing the cutting-edge forces, not only visited the FoxWorks Studio, the visual effects laboratory and the costume props library, watched many films produced by FoxWorks in the 20th century, but also visited the shooting scene (temporarily translated by AD ASTRA) and listened to many senior executives of FoxWorks introducing Hollywood cutting-edge technologies such as visual effects, VR technology, post-production and the production process of the film industry. In the meantime, famous Hollywood directors James Cameron (), James Mangold (), wes ball (), Lv Yinrong () and shane black (Xin) shared their experiences in film creation, and had a warm exchange with China directors on the adaptation of literary works, keeping the vitality of the series and the technical challenges faced by visual blockbusters. Invited directors from China said that FOSS’s creative innovation, industrial process and corporate culture in the 20th century gave them reference and inspiration.

　

Many invited directors mentioned in feedback that Hollywood’s perfect industrial process depends on a high degree of professionalism and fine division of labor; As a director, we should grasp the core and essence of the film, that is, the soul of the film, as James Mangold, the director of Wolverine 3: A Fight to the Death, said in the exchange: "The director’s duty is to touch the audience, not just to attract people’s attention. Movies that can stay in people’s hearts for a long time are not dazzling skills, but stories that can make the audience cry, make the audience laugh and resonate with the audience. This is the essence of being a director. "

　

China’s director group visited Avatar 2 to see the scene of the card god.

Jon Landau, a Hollywood gold medal producer, personally led China’s director group to visit the Light Storm Entertainment Company directed by Cameron, and shared the behind-the-scenes stories of every important prop that once appeared in the movie of Ka Shen, such as "in the heart of the sea" in Titanic and "Avatar" Na Mei Ren 1; 1 bust, special diving helmet with microphone for shooting, and CG liquid alien creature in Abyss provide technical preparation for the liquid metal robot in China. Jon Landau explained in detail the latest cutting-edge technology used in the production of Avatar 2 for China’s director team, and took the directors to enjoy the wonderful clips of Avatar Theme Park in Orlando Disney World through the big screen. At the invitation of James Cameron, he went to the shooting set of Avatar 2 to watch Ka Shen shoot a gun battle with a virtual camera.

　

Being able to watch Cameron shoot Avatar 2 on the spot also excited the China director group. Director Zhao Tianyu said, "In a way, technology is both artistic. I am amazed by Cameron’s unremitting exploration of audio-visual language and film technology. " Director Yang Lei praised: "Seeing Cameron shooting on the set, he solved all the trivial matters on the shooting scene with extreme technology, and devoted all his energy to the origin of drama. He can pay attention to the actors’ performance, scheduling and drama conflict just like rehearsing a drama, and then confirm other technical links such as position and lighting effect through post-production."

　

Wes ball, a young technical director, shared his post-production experience of Moving Maze.

In recent years, the dystopian sci-fi movie "Moving Maze" series has been deeply loved by young audiences all over the world, and will also be released in the United States on January 26th next year. Wes ball, the director of this series, attended the exchange activities and explained his experience in Hollywood with the director group of China. As a computer special effects student, he once posted an animated short film Ruin, which he spent eight months making on the Internet. The outstanding talent shown in it attracted Fox’s attention and started the road of directing. When shooting the first "Moving Maze", he also faced the problem of limited production funds. He and the crew used the LED display screen and green screen as the background to shoot the thrilling elevator scenes in the film, and skillfully used CG and other technical means to help build their own imaginary world. His sharing of specific cases and behind-the-scenes tidbits also aroused enthusiastic response from directors in China.

　

FOSS’s visual team has always insisted that visual effect is a tool to serve directors to realize their ideas and escort films. According to John Kilkenny, president of FOSS visual effects department, and Glenn Derry, vice president, "Producers in visual effects department will support and protect directors with their professionalism. During the preparation of director Ang Lee, the FOSS special effects team filmed a fragment of a real tiger and an experimental fragment of a CG tiger that was enough to be fake, and asked director Ang Lee to identify it, which successfully eliminated the director’s doubts about the effect of CG tiger. "

　

FOSS sincerely and professionally moved the director and attached importance to cross-cultural communication and China market.

In the sharing session of series director Lv Yinrong, she described the communication process and workflow of her first live-action film "Heart of Diablo" with Fowles. She said that Fowles is a studio that gives directors full creative freedom, and they trust the director’s ability and judgment. They just need to know what kind of human and material support the director needs and provide them. Emma Watts, president of Flowserve’s production department, introduced Flowserve’s new film plan to the directors, saying that the most important thing in film production is the true and shared feelings of human beings, which is the secret to make the film cross languages, national boundaries and cultures.

　

Through the sharing between Hollywood directors and FOSS executives, the China Directors’ Group not only felt the sincerity and professionalism of FOSS’ cooperation with filmmakers, but also fully felt that as a top Hollywood studio with rich and diverse production contents, FOSS insisted on making excellent films across cultures and national boundaries, especially its emphasis on the China market and its desire to cooperate with China filmmakers. Andrew Cripps, President of Flowserve International Distribution, introduced to the director group that Flowserve has a powerful distribution system for distributing films in 90 countries and regions around the world. He stressed: "For Hollywood studios, the international market, especially the China market, is occupying an increasingly important position."

　

postscript

The exchange activities of Fox Film Company in the 20th century made the directors involved feel a lot. glad you came. And it was highly praised by the Film Bureau. In a thank-you letter to Ms. Stacy Snyder, the chairman of FOSS, Deputy Director Zhang Hongsen said: "This exchange activity has broadened the horizons of directors in China to a certain extent, enriched their creative and production experience, and helped directors to shoot better films and promote the greater development of China films … In this sense, this exchange activity is of great significance and far-reaching influence. "

　

Director Wu Ershan:

"Thank you very much for your thoughtful arrangement. Five days of study is very fulfilling. I hope that more American colleagues will share their experience in filming with us in the future. China filmmakers and screenwriters can participate in this exchange, and there is no doubt that the development of the entire China film industry will benefit. "

　

Lu Zhengyu, director and executive director of peerless master:

　"I was fortunate enough to participate in the director exchange activities organized by the Film Bureau and Fox Company. During the short five-day trip to Los Angeles, the content of the exchange was very comprehensive from top to bottom, and it was particularly important to integrate with Hollywood’s top creative thinking and industrial system and broaden our horizons. Great! I hope that fox’s activities will be held every year, so that more China film creators can participate. "

　

"Love O2O" director Zhao Tianyu:

　"This time, it was very rewarding to participate in the FOSS director group. I am most interested in how the film industry can be combined with the creativity of directors. I can clearly feel this in my communication with several directors. (For example, wes ball, the director of Moving Maze 3, and Lv Yinrong, the series of Kung Fu Panda) I think that the high standards of industry and the creativity of directors actually promote each other. The movies we saw this time all confirmed this point. I can also feel FOSS’s interest in us and the China market. I expect FOSS to implement the production plan in the China market, and I am willing to participate. "

　

Yang Lei, director of "Biography of Shark Beads":

"First of all, thank you very much, FOSS. It’s been a very, very full week. The American film industry has always led the world’s films. The global distribution plan of American movies has made us see many high-level blockbusters, so the behind-the-scenes production of these blockbusters has also become a research topic for filmmakers all over the world. This time, I met several famous directors with different styles, including James Mangold, james gray, James Cameron (three James), wes ball, jennifer yuh and shane black.

　

What impressed me deeply was that when discussing why to make a film, several directors focused on treating characters and their emotions. This seemingly simple question was actually very difficult. Director Mangaud is also discussing his different styles of films, whether it is the western film "The Battle of Yuma Town", biographies and comic film "Wolverine 3: World War I", the same starting point among them is driven by the inner feelings of the characters. Shane black is also talking about the unexpected characters in his films. After a few days of communication, my biggest experience is that behind the seemingly complex and huge film industry, the soul is always these seemingly simple characters and emotions, and in the face of complex industrial processes, we must first find the soul. With the soul, the film will live, and then we will face those complex industrial processes.

　

Of course, the film itself is built on the basis of technology, so the technical solution is very important for the film. It can also be realized from the communication with these directors that understanding technology is very important for the creation of the film. Director Cameron often decides the very important selling point in his next film with the technical guidance. When he gets the liquid rendering technology, he will conceive the liquid robot. wes ball is a director who studied computer special effects. He can skillfully use various technical means to solve his imaginary world. James gray carefully explained how he would take some shots in the space capsule. Every director will eventually face the shooting complexity brought by industrial films, so process management becomes particularly important in industrial films. In the past, the production process of our traditional films was post-production-music-mixed recording, such as writing scripts-looking for actors-preparing the crew, serving-shooting-editing, etc. Then on the basis of this traditional process, industrial films will reorder the traditional processes, such as Cameron’s filming Avatar, which will change the order of some traditional processes. Including privz process, is applied to industrial process management system. Let me deepen my understanding of the importance of process management in making a blockbuster industrial system.

　

I am very grateful to FOSS for this arrangement. I was lucky to see James Cameron’s shooting scene, my idol director James Mangold and guillermo del toro’s Story of Water. I learned about the experience of a young director like wes ball in Hollywood, and I also saw how an animator jennifer yuh stepped onto the road of directing step by step. "

　

Twentieth century fox films

In the 20th century, FOSS films produced, acquired and distributed films all over the world. The works that have been produced and distributed include Titanic, Avatar, The Fantasy Drifting of Pi, Kingsman series, series and Moving Maze series. Its film production institutions include: 20th Century Fox Film, Fox 2000 Film Company, Fox Searchlight Company, Fox International Production Company and 20th Century Fox Animation/Blue Sky Studio.