At the 15th press conference of the sinking incident of the "Oriental Star" passenger ship held on the afternoon of June 13th, Min Jianxiong, inspector and chief forensic doctor of the Material Evidence Identification Center of the Ministry of Public Security, said that as of 21: 30 on the 12th, the identities of 442 victims were confirmed by DNA identification and comparison.

　　After the sinking of the East Ship passenger ship, in order to determine the identity of the victims at the first time, technicians from the public security organs of the Ministry of Public Security, Hubei Province, Jingzhou City and Jianli County quickly assembled to set up a special working group. The Ministry of Public Security sent nine experts to organize and guide on the spot. The Criminal Investigation Corps of the Public Security Department of our province mobilized more than 150 professionals in forensic medicine, DNA, photography and trace in Wuhan, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiantao, Tianmen and Qianjiang to carry out body source identification in shifts 24 hours a day; Hunan, Shanghai and other places also actively participated.

　　After 11 days of around-the-clock efforts by nearly 200 forensic doctors and DNA experts from all over the country, all the DNA information of 442 victims was compared, and the public security department will issue identification documents accordingly to help the victims find their relatives.

　　Forensic doctors who are used to life and death are sad from it.

　　5 th, funeral hall. In the face of the remains of the victims, Dai Jianyu, a forensic doctor of Jiang ‘an Branch of Wuhan Public Security Bureau, came from it. As a forensic doctor, he has long been used to life and death, but in the face of a huge disaster, his chest seems to be blocked.

　　After the shipwreck, Dai Jianyu was transferred to Jianli. Over time, many of the bodies of the victims that were salvaged were unrecognizable. In order to retrieve their identities, forensic doctors must be organized to extract DNA biological samples from the remains and their families as soon as possible, and the genetic relationship can be determined by comparing the genetic information contained in DNA.

　　The air was filled with peculiar smell, which penetrated into the nostrils of forensic doctors through protective masks. The staff is a group of four people, taking pictures and recording, and everything is in an orderly way.

　　A body was brought in, an old woman. After days of high temperature and river immersion, wet clothes clung to her. Ruan Haigen, who has been engaged in forensic work for 23 years, found that the old man still had a dark pocket sewn in his clothes, which contained 2,000 yuan in cash. "This should be her travel expenses along the way. The old man hid it close to his body, but there was no chance to spend it again. It was so sad."

　　The forensic doctor will classify and check the relics of the victims, register them one by one, and return them to their families after their identities are confirmed.

　　After a batch of remains were disposed of, Dai Jianyu was all sweaty. Tearing open the collar of the isolation suit, he flopped down in the corner and took a breath. The hotels in Jianli County are already full. Forensic doctors live in Zhuhe Town, 30 kilometers away. They can’t go back to take a shower and change clothes until 2 am, take a break and drive to the funeral home at 6 o’clock.

　　"Try your best to find the identity for every body, so that every victim can go home smoothly. This is our greatest wish. " Ruan Haigen said.

　　Minimize sampling damage

　　Usually, blood, nails, etc. are all DNA biological samples that can be extracted, but the particularity of the shipwreck makes it more difficult for forensic doctors to extract the samples. The "Oriental Star" passenger ship sank on June 1, and after the hull righted out of the water on the 5 th, a large number of remains were salvaged ashore. These remains were soaked in the river for 4 days, and the temperature in Jianli was high in early summer, and the remains appeared "giant view".

　　According to the forensic doctor, after death, the corrupt bacteria parasitic in the human body grow and multiply crazily due to the loss of the control of the human immune system. These amazing numbers of corrupt bacteria can produce a large number of dirty green corrupt gases, and the human body expands like an inflatable humanoid balloon, which is called the "giant view".

　　In this case, blood can no longer be used as a qualified biological sample, and the success rate of DNA sampling of nails can not be guaranteed. The safest way is to extract the costal cartilage from the remains.

　　Usually, costal cartilage can be extracted at a depth of 2 cm in the skin. Because of the serious phenomenon of "giant view", it needs to be extracted at a depth of 7 cm. At the same time, we should also consider the mood of the families of the victims and minimize the damage to the remains.

　　Wu Hongyan, forensic doctor of the Water Branch of Wuhan Public Security Bureau; Wan Hengyuan, forensic doctor of Donghu Branch. The two have rich experience in dealing with drowning remains. The two of them demonstrated to other forensic doctors how to complete the task of extracting materials with the smallest wound and the fastest speed. "Look at each other, and no one wants the remains of their loved ones to suffer again." This is the common aspiration of all.

　　In order to provide an auxiliary reference for the results of DNA comparison, this time, the general methods and norms of Interpol were adopted. After each body was disinfected and numbered, a personal identification form was established in strict accordance with the process of taking photos, registering clothes and personal belongings.

　　Some samples were reviewed more than 3 times.

　　With the guidance and assistance of experts from the Ministry of Public Security, the DNA Laboratory of the Criminal Investigation Bureau of Wuhan Public Security Bureau undertakes the DNA testing, data comparison and kinship determination of the remains and relatives of most victims. Since the 5th, DNA biological samples have been sent to Wuhan.

　　Zhu Chuanhong, a doctor of forensic medicine and an expert in DNA identification, said that after some biological samples were sent, due to the serious corruption of the remains themselves, DNA samples contained inhibitors, which affected the typing test results. "We can’t fully obtain accurate DNA test results by using a fully automatic operating platform, and we must combine semi-manual and manual methods." In order to ensure the accuracy of each test result, the staff tested each sample twice in three ways. After the preliminary conclusion comes out, it will be reviewed and reviewed continuously, and some of them will be reviewed more than three times.

　　After the results of DNA typing are determined, chromosome comparison is the key step to determine the genetic relationship. Fang Hui, an expert in DNA identification, said that when determining the genetic relationship, if the father, mother and son have complete DNA information, it is the best choice to make a "triplet" comparison. If only the single parent and autosomal DNA are compared, the probability of a comparison error is about one in 600,000. "When there is only single parent DNA information, if it is a father and son, we will add Y chromosome DNA identification. If it is a mother and daughter, we will add mitochondrial DNA identification to be as accurate as possible." As long as conditions permit, technicians will also extract the items in toothbrushes, sheets and pillows used by the victims during their lifetime for DNA sampling, identification and comparison.

　　Zhu Chuanhong said that the comparison of DNA involved in the case is often "one-to-many", and it is only necessary to compare the extracted DNA with the information in the database. The DNA comparison of this accident is a "many-to-many" "blind ratio", which is not only large in quantity, but also related to some victims themselves. In order to improve efficiency and accuracy, after receiving the task, they immediately sought technical support and designed a set of software for comparison. "This is a special task that has received the most samples since the establishment of the laboratory, and it is very difficult and demanding. It is both moral and responsibility to help each victim find his relatives." Zhu Chuanhong said.

　　Team strength to complete arduous tasks

　　Time is tight, it is difficult and the task is heavy. Min Jianxiong also said that this DNA comparison identification work is the most arduous task in his career.

　　"In this mission, the strength of the team is extraordinary." Fang Hui, one of the heads of the DNA laboratory of Wuhan Criminal Investigation Bureau, said with emotion. Of the 13 policemen in the laboratory, 10 are women, and 8 of them are "post-80s". The arduous task of DNA identification and comparison is to have a group of post-80s women soldiers as the main force.

　　Hu Xiaoxing, 29, has been engaged in DNA identification for four years. Like many girls in Wuhan, she also loves food, board games and shopping. But when the task suddenly comes, her "fighting power" is no less than that of young men.

　　Since 5th, Hu Xiaoxing and his colleagues have been in the laboratory for several days, and they can only sleep in their chairs for three or four hours every day. "After the misfortune happened, many people expressed their condolences on the Internet. I can use my major to help the families in distress, which feels very worthwhile. " When extracting DNA samples from biological samples, a small nail made Hu Xiaoxing almost cry. "It’s the three-year-old girl’s. It’s really pitiful."

　　Xu Fanye was sent to Indonesia to help crack down on telecom fraud and returned to work as soon as he returned home. Guo Ji was seconded to the Tongxin Police Station in Donghu Development Zone. I heard that his comrades worked overtime all night and sent snacks specially. "No one is complaining. Everyone wants to do their best to complete the task and help the victims find their loved ones." Hu Xiaoxing said.

　　For more than 20 years, Fang Hui has never heard of any laboratory in China that has accurately completed such a large number of DNA identification and comparison work in such a short period of time. "I hope that our efforts can comfort the living and let the deceased be buried as soon as possible. Get rest in peace." (KaRen Yang Luo Xuwen Yang Huai Liu Wang Xin Hong Xu)

　　Cctv newsAccording to the news of "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Emergency Management Department" on WeChat WeChat official account, at 13: 00 on August 2, the National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Emergency Management Department launched a national level IV emergency response to the severe flood disaster in Hebei Province since late July, and sent a working group to the disaster area to guide and help the disaster area to do a good job in ensuring the basic livelihood of the affected people.

　　Since the end of July, Handan and Xingtai in Hebei Province have suffered from severe floods due to the weather process of extremely heavy rainfall, the wind and rain caused by Typhoon No.6 "Fireworks" and the superposition of recent upstream water. As of August 2, the disaster has caused 654,000 people in 37 counties (cities, districts) in four cities, including Handan, Xingtai and Shijiazhuang, and two people have died. A total of 103,000 people have been resettled and resettled, and nearly 9,400 people need emergency life assistance. More than 200 houses collapsed and more than 1,500 houses were damaged to varying degrees; The affected area of crops is 36.2 thousand hectares; The direct economic loss was 660 million yuan. Disaster losses are still under further investigation and statistics. The Disaster Reduction Committee of Hebei Province and the Emergency Management Department have started the provincial level III emergency response, allocated 3.17 million yuan of provincial disaster relief funds together with the Finance Department, and allocated provincial disaster relief materials to support the disaster-stricken areas to do a good job in ensuring the basic livelihood of the affected people.

　　On July 5th, Tianjin Customs released it to the public. After more than half a year, it successfully detected a case of smuggling and importing alcoholic beverages, and verified that about 5 million liters of alcoholic beverages were involved, with a case value of nearly 500 million yuan. The case was listed as a first-class supervision case by the General Administration of Customs, and it is also the largest smuggling and import case of alcoholic drinks in China in recent years.

　　After investigation, the smuggling suspects Peng Moumou and Kong Moumou used the name of a number of trading companies registered in Beijing and Tianjin to try to escape the blow in the form of a set of brands, and adopted means such as making false and true contract invoices and setting up working capital of offshore companies to smuggle and import various wine products by underreporting prices, and some of the goods involved even understated by 90%.

　　Nearly 10 million data comparisons found smuggling suspects.

　　At the end of 2016, the staff of Tianjin Customs found doubts during the follow-up risk analysis of the import of alcoholic products, and the customs clearance data of the two import and export enterprises were a bit "strange".

　　A company named Tianjin Linsen International Trading Co., Ltd. was established in July 2015, mainly importing foreign wine, red wine, beer and mineral water. From August to December 2015, the company concentrated on importing more than 120 tickets of a large number of alcoholic drinks, with a total value of RMB 100 million and a total weight of more than 1,000 tons. Subsequently, the company had no record of import and export business and disappeared from the customs import database. Strangely, from February to April, 2016, a company named Beijing Linsen International Trading Co., Ltd. appeared out of thin air, and in just three months, it imported 100 million yuan of alcoholic drinks, and then disappeared again.

　　There is some connection or similarity between the two companies’ import business operation time, types of imported goods and other information, but it is difficult to find problems from the data surface. Is this a coincidence?

　　The customs anti-smuggling staff noticed that enterprises had no business operations after importing a large number of goods in a short period of time, and similar situations occurred in two enterprises that imported similar goods, which was definitely not simple. In order to further verify the situation, Tianjin Customs set up a special analysis team, and four customs anti-smuggling police officers worked together to investigate. On the one hand, the high-tech analysis software is used to analyze and compare the data of nearly 10 million imported wine commodities in the national customs; On the other hand, check the price level of imported goods of suspected enterprises.

　　After more than ten days and nights of searching for a needle in a haystack, five companies (hereinafter referred to as "Linsen Company"), including Tianjin Linsen, Beijing Linsen, Tianjin Lester, Tianjin Lexin and Beijing Jiabao, were "fished out" from the massive data. These seemingly unrelated companies have been sorted out and strung together in terms of operation mode, personnel composition, logistics habits, capital flow and import price level. Through investigation, the fact that Linsen Company smuggled imported alcoholic drinks at low prices gradually surfaced.

　　The registered locations of five companies are scattered in several office buildings in Beijing and Tianjin.

　　The investigation of the clues of Linsen Company was led by Lao Song of Tianjin Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau. Lao Song is an "old anti-smuggling" with nearly 30 years’ experience in investigation. He told the Economic Information Daily that it is very important to grasp the actual office location of the suspected enterprise in the investigation of smuggling cases, because the key evidence and key personnel of the case often appear in the office, but this time the "opponent" is very cunning.

　　Lao Song led his colleagues to investigate and found that Linsen Company’s operation mode is extremely hidden, and the registered locations of five companies are scattered in several office buildings in Beijing and Tianjin. When the investigators conducted a visit, they found that these registered locations were the distribution centers commonly known as "leather bag companies", and the office locations and personnel had already changed several times. Neither the lessor nor the property could remember whether there was such a company.

　　Linsen Company’s sales and collection mostly adopt online mode, and a large number of personal accounts are used for capital transactions, but nothing is found in bank account inquiry. When Linsen Company transports alcoholic products to customers, it often chooses the self-operated "black" logistics, and the inquiries about logistics are also in vain. The sales network is extremely hidden. Unless no one knows the contact information or related information of Linsen sales staff, the company’s staff all use pseudonyms to communicate, and the mobile phones used for work contact are also handled under the guise of other people’s ID cards.

　　The investigators have visited Beijing for many times, but they have not found the actual business location of Linsen Company. On the one hand, it is suspected of smuggling discovered through data analysis; On the other hand, it is impossible to confirm the actual business location and staff of the company, and the conventional means of handling cases have encountered a bottleneck that is difficult to break through.

　　Lao Song and the case-handling backbone changed their thinking, sketched out a smuggling flow chart based on Linsen Company, radiating foreign agents, domestic customs brokers, freight forwarding companies and liquor sales, and comprehensively summarized and analyzed data such as customs business information, Internet information and e-commerce information, and determined that the marketing link was the key link with the most accessible information sources. They finally decided to start with the sales of imported drinks in Beijing and find the trace of Linsen Company.

　　"Hello, my side is a bar, and we want to find a reliable imported wine supplier in Beijing. I heard that Linsen’s business is big enough, can you help me contact? " The case-handling personnel contacted Beijing’s imported wine market in many ways through telephone calls, internet and other means, and inquired about Linsen Company. They also went to Beijing several times, relying on rich experience in handling cases, disguised as bar owners, liquor sales and other identities to conduct on-the-spot investigations.

　　Where there’s a will, there’s a way. The anti-smuggling police finally learned from a sales channel that the actual office of Linsen Company is in Daxing District, Beijing.

　　Underreported prices range from 60% to 90%.

　　In the last few days of 2016, severe smog invaded North China for several days. In order to prevent Linsen Company from changing its office location again, Tianjin Customs quickly decided to deploy elite police to set up a "12.28" task force to take action against Linsen Company’s office location. In the fog, the customs investigators made a decisive attack and appeared in front of an office building in Daxing District, Beijing according to the scheduled action time.

　　As soon as they entered the office of Linsen Company, the investigators found that it was different from the general trading company: the office area was so large that there was no obvious company logo. When the investigators asked whether the location was Linsen Company, a wang xing staff member replied affirmatively that it was not Linsen and had never heard of this company, but the investigators’ keen eyes stayed on a stack of business cards on his desk, which impressively read the position of "Financial Manager of Linsen Company". At this moment, a person took a laptop and a USB flash drive, pushed aside the case handlers and went out. After being stopped, he began to lie that he was a customer who came to work, and finally admitted that he was Liu, the sales manager of Linsen Company.

　　After confirming that this is Linsen Company, the case handlers quickly searched for relevant evidence. After on-the-spot investigation, the investigators learned that Linsen Company had just moved to this place, and the account books and sales records had not been sorted out. In the data room of more than 20 square meters, tens of thousands of business documents were mixed with various irrelevant materials and piled up in disorder. After eight hours of continuous work, the case handlers checked the information page by page and finally dug up hundreds of real contracts and invoices signed between Linsen Company and foreign investors, which fully proved the fact that the company smuggled imported drinks at an understatement.

　　Just as the investigators entered the office of Linsen Company, another group of people led by the Customs Anti-smuggling Police Division also went to the warehouse of Linsen Company with great pains. On the day of the operation, due to the influence of heavy fog, the entire highway into Beijing was closed. Dasi and his colleagues set out in the early morning and trudged along the Beijing-Tianjin highway with visibility less than 20 meters. After more than six hours, they finally arrived at the scheduled position on time before the action and successfully seized all the goods involved. After clearing, they seized two warehouses involved and seized more than 680,000 bottles (boxes) of alcoholic drinks. Just as our company was checking the seized goods, several suspicious container trucks appeared in succession near the warehouse. In the follow-up inquiry to the warehouse staff, it was learned that the boss of Linsen Company had originally arranged the emergency delivery on the same day, but the delivery vehicle failed to arrive at the warehouse on time due to the fog.

　　The key documentary evidence and smuggled goods have been mastered, and the case-handling personnel quickly sorted out the existing materials day and night, and the people involved were questioned according to law, and the fog of the case was cleared up layer by layer. The customs task force is divided into seven working groups, including the investigation team, the Beijing working group, the documentary team, the pursuit team, the comprehensive team, the legal team and the inspector team. The average daily working hours are more than 16 hours, and tens of thousands of pages of paper materials involved in the case are combed and reviewed, more than 3,000 pieces of information such as online banking and bank cards are checked, and thousands of electronic data books and more than 10,000 emails are screened. These evidences restore the criminal facts that Linsen Company and its related companies have violated the law and undermined national economic security in less than two years since their establishment in March 2015.

　　Liu, the sales manager of Linsen Company, as the initial builder of Linsen, has a large number of illegal smuggling facts, but this person has nearly 10 years of police experience, is familiar with handling procedures and has certain anti-investigation experience. At first, Liu was in a bad state and even threatened the staff of Linsen Company not to cooperate. However, he didn’t expect that the investigators sorted out the evidence of smuggling crimes in Linsen Company in the past two years so quickly. In the face of hard evidence, Liu finally gave up resistance and confessed the illegal and criminal facts of Linsen Company and itself, which opened a breakthrough for the case.

　　After arduous work, the task force found out that from March 2015 to December 2016, in the past 20 months, the smuggling criminal gang headed by the criminal suspects Peng and Kong had been in the form of a set of multiple brands. In the name of five companies, including Tianjin Linsen, Beijing Linsen, Tianjin Site, Tianjin Lexin and Beijing Jiabao, the price was understated (the underreporting range was generally 60% to.

　　"Linsen Company’s underreporting of common drinks is not large, and for some drinks that are relatively rare and difficult to refer to, it greatly increases the underreporting of prices. Some red wines are clearly $20 a bottle and directly reported as $2. " At the warehouse site, the Department of Anti-smuggling Police picked up an 18-year-old mixed whisky Chivas and showed it to the Economic Information Daily reporter. The original price of this bottle of wine was about RMB in 300 yuan, while the price quoted by Linsen Company was only 100 yuan, with an amazing gap. "These drinks are mainly supplied to bars and nightclubs in Beijing. Because the company smuggled wildly and then monopolized the market at a low price, many companies with regular operations were unsustainable. "

　　Making false documents, hidden payment methods

　　In recent years, with the improvement of domestic living standards, the demand for imported drinks has increased year by year. However, due to the high tax rate and the large price difference between domestic and foreign markets, smugglers are tempted to take risks at the risk of profiteering.

　　In the interview, the reporter of Economic Information Daily learned that the case mainly has three remarkable characteristics in terms of criminal methods: First, "one set of people, many brands", and the suspects cross-declare imported drinks in the names of different companies that seem completely irrelevant to confuse and evade supervision; The second is to make false price documents for customs declaration, and each link has a clear division of labor, and the operation is "standardized" and "professional"; Third, the payment methods are more diversified and secret.

　　In order not to attract the attention of the anti-smuggling department and make the smuggling more concealed, the criminal suspect has registered and established five companies in Beijing and Tianjin, including Beijing Linsen, Beijing Jiabao, Tianjin Linsen, Tianjin Lester and Tianjin Lexin, to smuggle imported drinks. The five companies are not obviously related, with different registered addresses and different legal representatives. Criminal suspects cross-declare imported drinks to the customs in the name of the above five companies, which on the one hand spreads risks and on the other hand confuses people’s sight.

　　Making false trade documents for customs declaration is a common practice in smuggling cases of underreporting prices, and there are also two sets of true and false trade documents in this case. At the same time, in the process of making false trade documents to import smuggled goods, the division of labor is clear: there is a special person responsible for contacting foreign suppliers to order goods, receiving and filing relevant real contracts, invoices and other trade documents; A person specially assigned to make false documents such as contracts and invoices lower than the real transaction price according to real trade documents and fixed templates for falsely reporting imports; There is also a special person responsible for contacting the freight forwarding company and passing false documents for customs declaration. A clear division of labor makes the whole criminal process more "professional" and "standardized".

　　Another notable feature of this case is the diversification and secrecy of payment methods. In order to successfully pay the balance payment beyond the declared amount overseas, the criminal suspect has successively registered and established two offshore companies, and remitted the balance payment to the above-mentioned offshore company account in the name of personal use and the amount of foreign exchange payment through the accounts of himself, his employees and other individuals, and then operated the offshore company account to remit the balance payment to the designated account of foreign businessmen. Due to the limited amount of personal foreign exchange payment, when the amount of offshore account is insufficient, the criminal suspect will transfer part of the payment to offshore account or other accounts designated by foreign investors through the channels of underground banks.

　　(The company name and name in the article are all pseudonyms, reporter Lu Min and Ban Juanjuan)

　　[Global Times comprehensive report] "Compared with the repeated substitutions of Chelsea in the Premier League, the China national football team is not stable." On the evening of 28th Beijing time, Cannavaro, the acting head coach of the national football team during the China Cup, announced through social media that he would give up the coaching position of China men’s football team and focus on Guangzhou Evergrande. His statement also sparked heated discussion on the Internet.

　　The professional football media "Goal Net" said that Cannavaro completely gave up the opportunity to coach the national football team because he was not qualified for the dual duties of the national football team and Evergrande head coach. On the 29th, Fox Sports published an article titled "Cannavaro resigned as the head coach of China men’s soccer team after two games", saying that the national football team lost to Thailand and Uzbekistan respectively in the two games he coached, and his coaching ability was obviously questioned by the outside world. "For China, which is aiming to hit the World Cup, a mature coach who can quickly lead the team to make a breakthrough may be more suitable."

　　In the eyes of foreign media, the time node when Ka Shuai gave up the national football position is more worthy of attention. "His resignation will increase people’s speculation that his mentor Lippi will return to the national football team three months after his departure." AFP said that Cannavaro was appointed as Lippi’s successor in mid-March. At that time, the outside world speculated that the China Cup was an examination of whether the former could coach for a long time. Obviously, Card Shuai failed to pass. In contrast, Lippi’s on-the-spot command level has been tested in the top 12 of the last World Cup and the Asian Cup.

　　According to Italy’s "All Market" report, Lippi is likely to reach a four-year contract with the national football team, with the goal of qualifying for the 2022 World Cup finals. Italy’s "Gazzetta dello Sport" affirmed that Lippi’s return to the national football team was only to be officially announced. However, Agence France-Presse said that from the final results, during Lippi’s more than two years in charge, China’s progress was only minimal. "For this team that has repeatedly changed coaches, how to determine the personnel and play will become the biggest challenge." (Xu Yunfeng)　　　　　　　　　　

　　On the social networking platform, do everyone expect to like, reply and forward? How happy are you when you are "liked"? Everyone may have a similar "conclusion" in their hearts, but now this question has a clearer answer.

　　Recently, American psychologists made an interesting study.

　　Researchers from the Amanson-lovelace Brain Map Center at UCLA selected 32 teenagers aged 13 to 18 to join a simulated social network similar to Instagram, a photo-sharing website. The researcher showed 148 pictures to the subjects in 12 minutes, including 40 pictures submitted by teenagers themselves.

　　Each picture is supposed to get some "likes" from other teenagers, but this is actually what the researchers did. Psychologists sit behind the functional magnetic resonance imaging machine and observe the brain activity of the subjects when they see the pictures.

　　Lauren Sherman, the main author of the paper, said that when the photos submitted by teenagers receive a lot of "likes", many specific areas in their brains will be activated, which is very similar to the brain activity when people eat chocolate or win money.

　　In short, the pleasure of "like" is similar to eating chocolate or winning money.

　　What are the influences on "like" behavior?

　　"Like" is influenced by "herd mentality". Sherman said that photos that have gained more "likes" are more likely to be "liked" by teenagers, which means that teenagers’ feedback on information depends on how many peers have recognized the information, even though the peers in the experiment may be strangers. In real life, this "peer influence" may be further amplified, because it will be people familiar with them.

　　"Like" is also influenced by behavior, attitude and preference. For example, volunteers with high openness tend to praise SalvadorDali, meditation or TED talks; Volunteers with high extroversion tend to praise parties, Snookie (reality TV star) or dances.

　　Are social media good or bad for teenagers?

　　Mirella Dapretto, a professor of biological behavior at UCLA, said that making friends with unfamiliar people on social networks may make teenagers more susceptible to dangerous people.

　　However, Sherman believes that teenagers are also influenced by positive behaviors on social media, so parents need to pay attention to who their children interact with on social networks and what their netizens post and "like".

　　Coincidentally, many years ago, LevMuchnik of Hebrew University of Jerusalem and his colleagues formed a research team with a news aggregation website to investigate the social impact caused by different network information.

　　The results show that positive social impacts tend to accumulate and often lead to herd effect, while negative social impacts are usually corrected by the masses and neutralized. This effect is particularly significant when it comes to specific topics such as politics, culture and business.

　　Are you "social image anxiety"?

　　"After sending a selfie, I will pay attention to how many people like it. After sending the voice, I will open it myself and listen to it again. Once I create an ice, I will be very sad. I am afraid that no one will respond and dare not speak in the group. I think that my sense of existence is weak."

　　However, from a professional point of view, the so-called "social image anxiety" is just exaggerated teasing, not mental illness. It is not shameful to expect praise, reply and forwarding on social networking platforms, and the slight anxiety caused by the expectation of failure is not a "disease". The desire to "come and pay attention to me" permeated in these actions is nothing more than the most basic needs of human beings in the eyes of humanistic psychologist Maslow.

　　It is perfectly normal to need the attention of others. Babies who can’t get the mother’s attention can’t survive; Children living in indifferent families have depression and aggressive behavior; Teenagers who can’t get the attention and recognition of their peers feel no difference between the pain of social rejection and physical pain; Adults with good interpersonal relationships will live longer. No wonder William? James wrote in "Principles of Psychology": "If it is feasible, the cruelest punishment for a person is this: give him freedom and let him roam in the society, but treat it as nothing and give him no attention at all."

　　The "symptoms" mentioned above are not so much manifestations of anxiety as normal behaviors caused by low self-esteem. Different from the "self-esteem" mentioned in people’s life, in psychology, self-esteem refers to a person’s attitude towards himself and his value judgment-people with high self-esteem have a clearer understanding of themselves and a more pertinent evaluation; However, people with low self-esteem have unstable and more negative understanding of themselves, and there are more problems in interpersonal communication.

　　The pressure of "asking for praise" in the circle of friends may make you a friend.

　　In a study on Facebook conducted in 2013, psychologists sent text messages to 82 people five times a day, asking them how long they used Facebook and how they felt. The researchers said: "We found that the more people reported their Facebook at a certain moment, the more their mood (reported by the subjects themselves) deteriorated from the beginning to the end of this period."

　　Why is this happening? Psychologists have found that for some participants, brushing Facebook is not pleasant; It haunts me like a long list of commands: inspire me, comfort me, wish me a happy birthday, invest money in my crowdfunding project, praise my new avatar and read my new feature on Nautilus. Social networking sites bombard users with various requests in an unprecedented way. These requests are not made in a one-to-one manner; They are like shotguns, one to many. No wonder people are under pressure.

　　PS: The above-mentioned point-to-point praise of madness may not be applicable …

Portrait of Emperor Kangxi

　　Since February 22nd, 26th year of Kangxi (April 3rd, 1687), Emperor Xuanye of Kangxi lived in Changchun Garden for the first time, he loved this beautiful imperial garden very much. I came to the park for 44 days that year. According to the statistics of relevant scholars, Xuanye has lived in Changchun Garden every year since then, with the least year being the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696) and 29 days. The most is the forty-seven years of Kangxi, which lasted for 202 days. Most of him came to the suburban garden after handling the important ceremonial banquet in the first half of the first month, and he lived in Changchun Garden eight times on the second day of the first month. Usually, I have to stay in November or even late December before I leave the park and return to the palace. Among them, I left the park for eight times from the 25th to 28th of the twelfth lunar month. Of course, quite a lot of time was spent visiting Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the south, paying homage to the ancestral tombs in the east, visiting Wutai in the west and the paddock in the north, and not all of them lived in Dianyuan. Xuanye’s birthday is March 18th, and he spent the Wanshou Festival in Changchun Garden for 24 times. Until he died of illness in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden, he lived in Changchun Garden for 257 times in 36 years, totaling more than 3,870 days.

　　The main content of Xuanye’s life in Changchun Garden is to avoid noise and listen to politics, to support himself and enjoy the scenery in summer. In addition, there are festivals to celebrate, banquets to give food, trees to spread the world, and parents to teach children.

　　Avoid noise and listen to politics

　　Daily government affairs include selecting officials, introducing people, reading and approving books, summoning ministers, and discussing orders. During his stay in Chang Chun Garden, Emperor Kangxi spent almost every day in Lian Ning’s residence listening to political directors and handling all kinds of government affairs. For example, Emperor Kangxi was stationed in Changchunyuan for the first time in the 26th year of Kangxi, and he went to the inner gate of Changchunyuan three times in nine days, that is, he took charge of the government inside and outside the Hall of Nine Classics and Three Events. Another example is: Around 30 to 36 years of Kangxi, many political affairs of personal expedition to Junggar were agreed in Changchun Garden. Another example is: I lived in the Imperial Garden for thirteen days from the first day to the thirteenth day of December in the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (1715), and lived in the court for six days, and handled dozens of matters that needed to be decided. On the first day of junior high school, nine urgent problems were solved in succession. The last one is about Cao Yin and Li Xu’s debt to silver.

　　And meet foreign envoys. For example, in the forty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi (1705), Emperor Kangxi received the special envoy of the Holy See, Dorothy, in Changchun Garden, without kneeling and giving him a seat. He also ordered people to take gifts from the imperial court and go to Rome to answer for employment. On the Mid-Autumn Festival the following year, Kangxi called the Roman special envoy Doro into the garden to give food and watch the lights. Please invite Doro to visit Changchun Garden in five months. Another example is: In the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi (1720), the envoy of the Western countries (Portugal) Pei Lali came to the DPRK, and Xuanye received and gave tea in the Hall of the Nine Classics and Three Events. Another example is: In the month of December 59, Kangxi received Karoku, the special envoy of the Holy See, eight times in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden, and received gifts from the Pope and presented gifts to the Pope and the Portuguese king. In the meantime, Karoku was also given a sable gown, snuff bottle, sable crown, blue robe, enamel bowl and other things and given a banquet.

　　And watch martial arts. Since the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), Emperor Kangxi has been able to watch the martial arts players riding and shooting in the West Factory in Changchun Garden in October or November. Sometimes, a ceremony of biography is held in the park, and the first place of Jinshi, such as Wu Zhuangyuan, is promulgated. For example, in the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (1715), from November 13th to 16th, Emperor Kangxi came to Changchunyuan West Factory to read the martial arts. Leading the guards’ ministers, reading officials, university students’ loose columns, etc., arranged in a row, and the emperor rose to sit down. Before the assistant minister of the Ministry of War Jue and others entered, 170 people, including Xu Slow, who played martial arts, were divided into 11 classes to test their riding and shooting. The emperor ordered the ministers to sit down. So read Xu Shu and others, ride and shoot in turn, and remember the best. After reading the test, the emperor ordered the princes to ride and shoot. The next day, I continued to read and try to shoot with steps, pull hard work, dance knives and throw stones. On the third day, we continued to test fire in the West Factory. Select 15 best candidates from the martial arts and repeat them, and divide them into different grades. Ministers will select the top three of the 15 people as A, the other 12 as Dimethyl and the rest as Top Three, and present the papers of 15 people.

　　study science

　　During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was the first climax of cultural exchanges between China and the West, also known as the first spread of Western learning to the East. During this period, Emperor Kangxi came into contact with some missionaries who were familiar with western science and technology, and he began to have a strong interest in western science and technology. Bai Jin, a French Jesuit, recalled in his book: "Kangxi studied western science with great interest, spending several hours with us every day, and spending more time on self-study during the day and night." At this time, Emperor Kangxi had dimly realized the importance of natural science. In order to cultivate talents specializing in astronomical observation and natural science and compile large-scale scientific and technological works, he set up a Mongolian-supported vegetarian and mathematical museum in Changchun Garden. This was called "Royal Academy of Sciences" by French missionaries.

　　Emperor Kangxi studied very hard and had a wide range of knowledge. He dabbled in human geography, calendar, arithmetic, hundred schools of thought, medicine, natural science, Buddhism, Confucian classics and Taoist books, and was a generalist. There are three sources of knowledge in Kangxi: First, Manchu culture. As the emperor of Manchu, learning the culture of his own nation is a basic accomplishment. Kangxi followed the Manchu master to speak Manchu, learn Manchu and practice riding and shooting. The second is the Han culture. As a minority ruler who entered the Central Plains, in order to gain the recognition of the Han people, Kangxi studied Confucian classics with the Han master, read a lot of historical books, became familiar with the Confucian "study of emperors" and was influenced by Confucian culture. The third is western technology. European Catholic Jesuits came to China to preach, bringing advanced western science, technology and knowledge. Emperor Kangxi, with an open mind, invited Zhang Cheng, Bai Jin and others to Changchun Garden many times to teach western science: mathematics, astronomy, engineering, surveying, medicine and even human anatomy. For example, on the eighth day of March in the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), Emperor Kangxi called Zhang Cheng, a French missionary, to teach geometry at Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden. Looking for Zhang Chengfu to teach in the park many times.

　　The establishment time of Mengyangzhai Mathematics Museum was the second day of June in the fifty-second year of Kangxi (1713). It is clearly recorded in Records of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty that in June, Ding Chou "ordered Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng to set up a museum in the palace". However, the research scope of Meng Yangzhai is not limited to mathematics, but also calendar and music. In September of the fifty-second year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi issued another decree: "Yu and Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng, etc., compiled books on the algorithm of Lu and Lv, wrote a library in Mengyangzhai, and tested the musical instruments in the temple and palace." In October of the 58th year of Kangxi (1719), Wang Lansheng, a juren from Mengyangzhai, was ordered to write "Positive Rhyme".

　　Mengyangzhai Mathematics Museum has translated more than a dozen Manchu-Chinese mathematics books, such as Geometry Original, Proportion Solution, Usage of Measuring High Instruments, Eight-line Table Roots, Method of Pythagorean Seeking, Excerpt of Borrowing Roots Algorithm, Record of Western Mirrors, etc., and has also completed works such as The Origin of Laws and Calendars, and trained a number of people such as Mei Juecheng, Minggatu and He Guozong. It also promoted the almanac and geographical mapping of the whole country.

　　As early as the first day of October in the fifty-first year of Kangxi (1712), Emperor Kangxi "instructed the third son of Emperor Huang and Prince Yin Zhi of Shuocheng, etc.: the height of the North Pole and the distance from Huang Chi are the most important in the calendar, and they should be measured daily after living in Lianning". And immediately got a few princes to play back. In November of the same year, Prince Ying Cheng invited him to send someone to Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangnan and Zhejiang provinces for surveying and mapping.

　　Unfortunately, out of the need of rule, Emperor Kangxi only recruited students from the Mongolian Institute of Arithmetic in a small area such as the palace, which was not popularized among the people, and the advanced western science and technology failed to play its due role in the whole country. With the end of the Kangxi Dynasty, the study of Sino-Western communication also ended, and China missed a historical opportunity of innovation in science and technology.

　　Editing and editing books

　　Kangxi loved not only reading books, but also compiling books. It can be said that the compilation and publication of books is a major feature of Kangxi’s Wen Zhi, and Kangxi paid special attention to China’s traditional culture. When he lived in Jingxi Garden, he presided over or organized the compilation of many series of books, which made great contributions to the construction of Chinese traditional culture.

　　Compile the hadith. On the 10th day of August in the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when Kangxi was stationed in Yuquan Mountain, he approved the invitation of Dai Wangyu, an imperial historian of Fujian Road, to compile the sacred instruction of Emperor Taizong Gao, Emperor Taizong Wen and Emperor Sezuzhang, and thought: "The sacred instruction of Taizu, Taizong and Sezuzhang is of great significance and should be compiled." In the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth years of Kangxi, four volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Taizong Gao, six volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Taizong Wen and six volumes of the Hadith of Emperor Shizuzhang were successively completed.

　　Yuanjianzhai is the place where Emperor Kangxi advocated and guided the compilation of vast ancient books in Changchun Garden. Here, Emperor Kangxi ordered Xu Qianxue to compile and annotate Yuan Jian, and organized Zhang Ying, Wang Shi and others to compile a large-scale book, Yuan Jian Lei Han.

　　Yuan Jian of Imperial Selection of Ancient Chinese Literature is an anthology of ancient Chinese literature. Among them, there are more than 1300 articles by nearly 800 authors from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Song Dynasty. Each article is printed on the top of the book, and the ministers are attached to it. The capital of each article has Xuanye’s royal approval, and each article has the emperor’s introduction and comments on the article. There is a preface written by Xuanye in front of the book.

　　Yuan Jian lei Han is a kind of book that focuses on checking the rhetoric of articles. Zhang Ying, Wang Shi and others further expanded the scope of collection on the basis of the book Tang Lei Han in the Ming Dynasty, making the book more comprehensive and complete in time. The book, with 445 volumes, was published in 1710 by Xuanye himself.

　　Peiwenzhai is the hall where Emperor Kangxi collects ancient and modern books and paintings, the painting and calligraphy room where he reads, appreciates paintings and calligraphy, learns books and practices calligraphy, and the workshop where he compiles books and paintings. Based on Peiwenzhai, Emperor Kangxi carried out a large-scale and continuous compilation of poetry, calligraphy and painting. Among them, the books with the title of "Pei Wenzhai" include Selected Poems about Objects of Pei Wenzhai, Prose of Guang Qun of Pei Wenzhai, Prose of Paintings and Calligraphy of Pei Wenzhai and Pei Wenyun House.

　　Be nurtured by others

　　Kangxi once said: "When I was in the womb, I told the Pope Prince that I was alert to the classics, diligent in raising my life, studying the classics every day, making me recite them, and reuniting with my relatives to explain them. I never stopped asking questions." Wang Shizhen’s "Continuation of Juyi" also records: "When I was in the palace, I taught the four books and five classics for the East Palace. Before I served the imperial gate every day, I had to recite and repeat the books I had given the day before, so that I could get through be adept at." It was not until June, the 26th year of Kangxi (1687) that Xuanye chose three masters for the princes: Shang Shu Da Hata, Tang Bin and Shao Zhan Shi Geng Jie, and obtained the approval and support of the scholars Mingzhu and Wang Xi. Xuanye’s selection of teachers is very strict, which requires both profound knowledge and noble morality. He also selected Brinton, Xiong Cilv, Li Guangdi, Xu Yuanmeng, Gu Eight Dynasties, Fahai and others as the master of the Prince, all of whom lived in Confucianism.

　　On the seventh day of June, the 26th year of Kangxi, Xuanye summoned three masters, namely Dahata, Tang Bin and Geng Jie, while the Crown Prince and the Prince were on standby, and the ministers, guards and residence officials were left and right. The emperor issued a decree: "Since ancient times, emperors have always taken pre-education and saving two as the foundation of their country. I am afraid that the Crown Prince will not be knowledgeable, that is, he will not be able to understand the body, but will be diligent in teaching and training since childhood, so as not to make a day of leisure … The Crown Prince never knows anything but reading and playing. ….. You are well-known abroad, and we hereby order you to discipline the East Palace. " Regarding the subjects of study, he said: "I sincerely know the family precepts of my ancestors, and the civil and military affairs are in parallel, and I dare not neglect riding and shooting. Therefore, the crown prince and the prince are taught poetry books, and they are also taught to ride and shoot." Although Tang Bin repeatedly refused to say that he could not shoulder this heavy responsibility, he still failed to change the emperor’s decision.

　　From the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the Crown Prince and the princes began to study in Wuyizhai under the guidance of three masters. Degele and Peng Sunqi, officials of Juju Notes, wrote down the learning situation of the princes in Wuyizhai: In the early morning, the Crown Prince and the princes were studying in Wuyizhai, reading several sections and a chapter on the classics. Tang Bin held a book and listened to the Crown Prince recite it without leaving a word. Read a new book again. The crown prince wrote a piece of regular script, about hundreds of words. At dawn, the emperor arrived and rose to the throne. Ask the Juzhu official: How does the prince study? Yes, "the prince is rich in quality and profound in knowledge." Xuanye made a comment: "If you can’t read, you think you can read, you can’t talk, but you think you can talk. If this person is not human." After the emperor returned to the palace, the Crown Prince wrote another piece of regular script. After lunch, the Crown Prince wrote a piece of paper in full, that is, reviewed the Book of Rites and the classics, and read them one hundred and twenty times each. At this time, the emperor came to Wuyizhai again, and the Crown Prince Yun Wan, the eldest son Yun Wan, the third son Yun Zhi, the fourth son Yin Zhen, the fifth son Yun Qi, the seventh son Yun You and the eighth son Yun You? Stand by. The emperor took out ten Yu Ben from the case and handed it to Tang Bin, saying, "You can take it out by hand and let the princes read it." Tang Bin opened the scriptures, and Yun Zhi, Yin Zhen, Yun You, and Yun Yu went in first, and each reading was loud and clear. He also ordered me to explain the chapters of "Knowing the Things" and "The Analects of Confucius", which were word for word and integrated with the righteousness. The emperor ordered Yunqi to read a Manchu article with clear paragraphs and bright sentences. The emperor said: "I must study at the rate of 120 times when I was young. If I don’t cover it like this, I can’t be overwhelmed. Therefore, it is the same for teaching princes and princes to study." He also said,He often erases the words of the Crown Prince, adding few words and never adding circles. The emperor asked the master and the near minister to write, and the handwriting of Tang Bin and Geng Jie was very common. The emperor personally sprinkled Chen Han, and wrote a seven-character poem by Song Rucheng and a piece of paper with the words "Cun Cheng". The beautiful silk characters, vigorous Chinese characters, all have statutes, and all the ministers are full of praise. Later, the emperor led all the scholars to practice archery, and personally pulled the bow and arrow, and all the shots were successful; I also ordered the ministers and guards to learn to shoot. At this time, it was dusk, and the all-day study of the Crown Prince and the princes came to an end. The emperor also went back to Qingxi Bookstore. After such continuous study, the Crown Prince and the princes have a high level of culture and Manchu language and writing, and they are not only familiar with ancient China classics, but also have a high level of painting, calligraphy and riding. Later, the Crown Prince moved to the West Garden to live and study, and the princes also moved to No.4 Lotus Pond in the south of the West Garden.

　　Planting rice for rain

　　In the Qing dynasty, the rulers attached great importance to agricultural production, which was regarded as the foundation of national stability. Kangxi once planted imperial rice in Changchun Garden and promoted it vigorously. The rulers also paid special attention to the rainfall situation that directly affected agricultural output, and carried out rain-seeking activities in Haidian area.

　　As a spring-rich place in the west of Beijing, Haidian has a long tradition of planting rice. In the early years of Kangxi, Prince Dan Zhen, the owner of the garden in tsinghua campus, changed the lotus pond in the garden into a paddy field, and the annual profit could reach hundreds of taels of silver. Kangxi’s earliest activity in the western suburbs was to watch the growth of rice in the west of Beijing. During the construction of Changchun Garden, Emperor Kangxi set aside a paddy field in the west wall of Changchun Garden to test and cultivate excellent rice seeds himself. From Wuyizhai Tushan to the north, until Daximen, located in the northwest of the garden, there are about hundreds of acres of fields, which is the "experimental field" for Kangxi to plant imperial rice. According to "Kangxi’s Collection of Leisure Things", rice seeds are early rice selected and cultivated by Kangxi himself, named "Imperial Rice". It is also called "rouge rice" because its rice awn is lavender, its rice grains are reddish and long, its smell is fragrant and its taste is poor, and it can be cooked twice a year. This is also the originator of "Jingxi Rice" in Haidian District.

　　In the fifty-third year of Kangxi (1714), the imperial rice at the foot of Yuquan Mountain grew to 600 mu, plus Liulangzhuang, Wanquanzhuang, Heilongtan, Gaoliangqiao, Shijingshan and Nanyuan, totaling nearly 10,000 mu. The planting range of imperial rice has not only been further expanded, but also the area has increased several times, and it has become the main source of imperial rice in the court. In order to ensure the production of royal rice, in the same year, Fengchenyuan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, set up a "rice field factory" in Qinglong Bridge to manage royal rice fields.

　　There are sixty-four rice paddies, which are government offices, warehouses and mills. At the same time, there are two official places, one in Gongde Temple and the other in Liulangzhuang. "Yongxian Record" said: When Kangxi was in Kangxi, "it served imperial meals, saying that it served imperial rice and went out to the western hills of the capital", and Changping Prefecture produced rice everywhere, but Yuquan Mountain was better than Yuquan Spring, so rice was needed. The "Qing Hui Dian" also records: "The jade grains above are taken from the rice fields of Yuquan Mountain."

　　In the later period of Kangxi’s rule, the society was stable and the population began to increase sharply. Kangxi was deeply worried about this population expansion: "Since the unification of the area, in 678 this year, all the people have enjoyed peace, and the fertility has increased day by day. Although the registered permanent residence has increased, the land has not increased. If one person’s property is used by several families, how can he make a living?" The rapid population growth and predatory development have brought great pressure to the surrounding environment of Gyeonggi. The ecological environment has become extremely fragile, and floods and droughts have started to break out frequently. Therefore, in the middle and late period of Kangxi’s rule, emperors were more concerned about sunny and rainy days, and more and more words were found in historical materials. For example, on June 25th, the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), during Emperor Kangxi’s tour to the north, Yin Zhi, the third son of Emperor Huang, invited the emperor to pay his respects, and made a special presentation on the rainy situation in the capital area: "There has been a lot of rain in the capital area, Changchun Garden, Cirja Camp and other places recently. Yu: There is enough rain here. " The feeling of concern is on the paper.

　　The belief in praying for rain and sunshine by the dragon gods, which was valued by the rulers of past dynasties, was also maintained in the Kangxi Dynasty. As the most common measure to resist disasters, praying for rain was valued by Emperor Kangxi and included in the national sacrifice code. When Changchun Garden was built, Kangxi built the Longwang Temple in the garden as a special place to pray for rain. In case of drought, Kangxi often sent princes, county kings, Baylor, Beizi and ministers to the Longwang Temple to pray for rain. Each rain praying ceremony is very grand and has established procedures. For example, on May 13th, the forty-ninth year of Emperor Kangxi (1710), Yin Zhi, the third son of the Emperor, and others gave orders: At Longwang Temple in Changchun Garden, pray for rain as the twelve sons of the Emperor prayed for rain.

　　The history of rice in the west of Beijing has a long history. According to historical records, Haidian, which is fertile and beautiful, began to build canals to grow rice during the Cao and Wei Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, and it has a history of more than 1,700 years. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in the second year of Cao Fangjiaping, the king of Wei Qi, Jing Liu stopped water to build a dam on the Luohe River (now Yongding River) and built a carriage canal. "Irrigation thistle (city) north and south, planting rice in the third night, and benefiting the border people." It was not until Guo Shoujing, a water conservancy scientist in Yuan Dynasty, opened Tonghui River, and sufficient water ensured the growth of rice, that farmers on both sides of the strait began to plant rice on a large scale.

　　Kangxi was the emperor who really turned Jingxi rice into "Imperial Rice". Emperor Kangxi skillfully integrated the "pastoral scenery" shown by intensive cultivation into the garden landscape, which not only provided materials for life, but also created the artistic conception of pastoral life, so that garden dwellers could experience the seclusion interest of pro-farming. Emperor Kangxi attached great importance to agriculture, and with his support, the cultivation of rice in western Beijing was further developed. He also personally experimented, compared the rice between the north and the south, and cultivated excellent varieties as royal royal rice, and vigorously promoted planting. Even set up a rice field factory to manage these royal imperial rice.

　　Kangxi once experimented with rice on the side of Fengze Garden in Zhongnanhai, Beijing, and sent people to plant a small experimental field under Yuquan Mountain, which was successful and later called "Jingxi Rice". In his poem "Early Imperial Rice", he wrote: "The purple awn is half a hectare of green and shady, and I love the early imperial rice. If you make the prescriptions more widely distributed, you may see the needles twice. " (Lu Qin’s Song of the Dragon-Poems of the Emperors in China) Here he expressed his heartfelt joy after watching the rice fields, and he longed for the rice area to expand constantly and strive to harvest twice a year.

　　The whole story is like this: One day in June, when Kangxi was patrolling the rice fields in Fengzeyuan, he came across a rice that was "above the rice" and the grain was ripe. Originally, Yutian rice was planted here, and it will not mature until September of the lunar calendar, but this rice in front of us is two months ahead of schedule, which is beyond Kangxi’s expectation. He used it as a seed to try planting in the next year, and it really matured in June. This early-maturing new rice has reddish color and long grains, and tastes delicious. (See Kangxi’s Faulty Style) Because it was discovered and cultivated by Kangxi himself, it is called Imperial Rice. Later, people called it Jingdao.

　　Kangxi’s poem "On the 11th of July when he was watching rice in Changchun Garden" also wrote: "In July, the purple mountain is fragrant with five miles, and the near-garden remains a species of Zhu Zhenxiang. Yan Fang and Saibei are all called Rui, and they are happy and happy. " July in the lunar calendar is equivalent to August in the solar calendar. Seeing the purple awn in the rice field is associated with the fragrance of a grain, which shows that he attaches great importance to rice. People in both the hot places in the south and the colder places in the north of Saibei praised the transplantation of this cereal crop as a good omen. In particular, it is a great wish to plant rice in the northern part of the Great Wall, which has become a reality through hard work.

　　According to relevant documents, in the 42nd year of Kangxi, the Qing government built chengde mountain resort, and imperial rice seeds were first transplanted here, which was located in the north of the Great Wall. Generally, rice could not mature after the Millennium, but the imperial rice seeds matured before the Millennium, so the experiment was successful. So it opened a new record of planting rice north of the Great Wall. Kangxi once said: "The rice fields in the villa still have a surplus for summer use every year."

　　Kangxi’s cultivation of rice can be said to be affectionate. Therefore, he has a specific description of the whole process of rice breeding, seedling pulling, transplanting, harvesting and ear picking, and all of them have persistent pursuit and deep desire. There is a detailed description in his group poem titled Farming Map:

　　The first seedling: "A year’s farming is in the depth of spring, and the family is looking forward to the new year." I love the clear weather, and the green fields are thousands of hectares. " Pulling out the seedlings: "The green onions are full of water, and the transplanting of Xichou is even more furious. The order of the festival is shocking, and the seedlings must be divided into early summer days. " Transplanting: "There are thousands of beds in Shui Ze, and the competition for transplanting new seedlings is afraid of the future. The Asian brigade is happy to work together, and it is not too late to go home in the next month. " Harvesting: "Huang Yun is full of dew, and the waist sickle is blessed with rice. Children collect the ears everywhere, and every family in the village bears the burden. " Holding the ear: "Nanmu Qiu Lai celebrates Fucheng, but Qu Qu has not released the old peasants’ feelings. The frost rises from the neighborhood and listens to the sound of rice in the village. "

　　Here is a series of scenes of farmers growing rice, with vivid language. Early seedling, describing farmers’ hard work in order to seize the farming season, "green fields are thousands of hectares", the scene is huge and quite imposing. Pull out the seedlings and describe the busy scene of rice transplanting. The paddy fields are full of thick green, showing a vibrant scene. Transplanting rice seedlings describes the scene of "Yalv" (small officials and village officials) working with farmers in the vast farmland, and the moon rises before returning home without complaint. The purpose of this hard work in Dai Yue is to get a good harvest. Harvesting depicts reaping with sickle, young and old doing their best, children picking up the ears of rice skillfully, and farmers returning with great strength, which sets off a jubilant atmosphere after a bumper harvest. Holding the ear outlines the scene of rice harvesting in the countryside, highlighting the feeling of hearing, and the joy of harvest is stirring everywhere in the village. Kangxi had personal experience in growing rice. His poems are not extraordinary masterpieces, but they are close to life and smell of earth. They are more lively and interesting than some literati who write poems by imagination in their study.

　　In a word, Kangxi had a close relationship with Jingdao, which was unparalleled among hundreds of emperors in ancient China. His contribution is to promote the transplanting of rice to the north of the Great Wall and advocate the promotion of double-cropping rice in the south. The descendants of Kangxi, namely Yongzheng and Qianlong, also attached great importance to agricultural production. At the beginning of spring ploughing, Yongzheng and Qianlong held the ceremony of "borrowing farmland" in the small experimental field of "Fengzeyuan" successively, and demonstrated by themselves to help farmers. Yongzheng’s poem "Tillage" wrote: "Spring turns in Yuanji, and it is warm and comfortable in Jutz. The green dove cries for rain, and the yellow calf drives the plow at the beginning. There is no escape for every mu of people, and they dare to work hard. Care about the lessons and help the village market. " This poem expresses sincere desire for the hard work of farmers in the busy season of spring ploughing. There is a poem "Fengze Garden" in Qianlong: "After gardening, I will farm the fields, and the name of the garden is Fengze, Myanmar and Yaonian." Here, the layout of rice fields and vegetable gardens in Fengze Garden is described, and his concept of attaching importance to agriculture is expressed, which is quite meaningful to Sun Jizhu’s career.

　　Dinner banquet

　　In ancient China, a fine ethical concept of respecting the elderly and caring for the young was formed very early, and the older people are, the more respected they are by the society. Therefore, it often attracted the attention of feudal emperors in the past dynasties. In the "King System", there is a ritual system of respecting the elderly by emperors who "give sticks" to the elderly. Ren Fang (460-508), a famous litterateur in the Southern Dynasties, who was Cheng in the imperial history and the prefect of Yixing, once left a famous sentence: "Laojun still cares about his teeth, but he regrets this staff’s nostalgia" (see Answer to Jian ‘an Pay Staff). During the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the national strength was strong, which was called "the prosperous time of Kanggan" in history. The activities of respecting, respecting and loving the elderly were paid special attention to by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong, so there were four grand and spectacular "thousand banquets" in history. In the fifty-second year of Kangxi, the sixty-first year of Kangxi, the fifty years of Qianlong and the first year of Jiaqing, respectively, two thousand banquets during the reign of Kangxi were held in Changchun Garden.

　　In March of the fifty-second year of Kangxi (AD 1713), the 60th birthday of Emperor Kangxi, the holy ancestor of Qing Dynasty (also known as Wanshou Festival), he thought: "Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there have been 190 emperors, and they have enjoyed a long time, and there is no one like me." Therefore, we decided to hold a grand and ostentatious celebration of Wanshou. (See Record of Kangxi, Volume 254) In Beijing, the colorful shed set up for the celebration extends from Xizhimen to Changchun Garden for 20 miles. The Ministry of Rites has made a special provision: "It is unusual to meet anniversary who is 60 years old this year." From the first day of March to the end of the month, Beijing officials have to wear embroidered robes and make up their gowns, breaking the routine of wearing only royal clothes for seven days. The most striking thing is that Emperor Kangxi announced that in aged person, people over 65 years old, regardless of government or people, can get to Beijing on time to attend the banquet in Changchun Garden.

　　On March 25th, Emperor Kangxi hosted the first banquet for ministers, officials and scholars of Han nationality in front of the main gate of Changchun Garden. There were 33 people over 90 years old, 538 people over 80 years old, 1823 people over 70 years old and 1846 people over 65 years old. All the princes, grandchildren and descendants of the imperial clan who were over 10 years old and under 20 years old came out to toast the old people, distribute food, help the old people over 80 years old to drink in front of Emperor Kangxi to show their favor, and reward them with silver.

　　On this day, the scene of the Imperial Palace was unusually solemn and grand. Under the eaves of the Imperial Palace, there is a display of Zhonghe Shaole; In Ningshou Gate, there is Dan Bi Da Le. Inside the temple, there are seats for princes and ministers. Under the temple, the envoys of North Korea and other vassal countries were arranged; The seats with the banquet are under the steps outside the temple.

　　On March 27th, in front of the main entrance of Changchun Garden, a wine banquet was held to entertain ministers, officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners and idlers, including 7 people over 90 years old, 192 people over 80 years old, 1,394 people over 70 years old, and 1,012 people over 65 years old. On March 28th, in front of the Empress Dowager Palace in Changchun Garden, a banquet was held for the Eight Banners old women over 70 years old. Those over 90 years old were seated at the palace gate, those over 80 years old were seated at Xidan Gate, and the rest were outside the palace gate. More than 6,600 people attended the banquet in aged person, Manchu, and an unknown number of eight banners old women, certainly no less than 7,000 people, and its grand occasion was passed down as a much-told story.

　　In the first lunar month of the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi was 69 years old. In order to celebrate his 70th birthday, he held a second banquet in Ganqing Palace. At that time, 12-year-old Hongli attended the banquet as the emperor’s grandson. This year is the last year of Emperor Kangxi’s life journey.

　　On the first day of the first month of the first month, the palace held a New Year’s gift to the DPRK. The old emperor, who had weathered the storm and was quite satisfied with his sixty-year imperial career, wrote the poem "Sixty-one Spring Fasting Book", which said: the nature is towering, and the classics assist the DPRK. Don’t do your best, don’t make the vulgar atmosphere noisy. Don’t miss farming and mulberry, you must be timid inside and outside. The wind is high and the birds are quiet, and the rain is enough and the road is clear. How can the inspection be hidden, and how can the loose-packed be shaken? Although it is dusk in Sang Yu, the pine and cypress wither with frost. Long-term cultivation of spring is prosperous, and it is lenient and strict. Tiredness should be unavoidable, and the more ashamed you are, the more obvious you are.

　　The reason for this banquet is that the world is peaceful and the people’s livelihood is rich. On the second day of the first month, in front of the Forbidden City, a banquet was held to entertain 680 civil and military ministers, officials and officials of the Eight Banners, who were over 65 years old and retired. Kings and idle imperial clan members came out to confer titles on the old people to persuade them to drink and distribute food. On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, another banquet was held for 340 ministers of civil and military affairs and officials of the Han nationality who were over 65 years old.

　　Records in Zhang Cheng Diary

　　On the 15th day of the first month of the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Xuanye hosted a banquet for Zhang Cheng and other foreign teachers in the bedroom. The emperor ordered the imperial court to prepare horses, gave them a ride into Changchun Garden, and then was introduced to Qingxi Bookstore. They saw "cold dishes, fruits, pastries and sweets on the table". After the meal, Zhang Cheng also witnessed Xuanye’s banquet for the clan here. "Zhang Cheng Diary" recorded the grand banquet in detail: after we ate, the internal supervisor arranged for the emperor to have a banquet with 12 to 15 relatives in the imperial palace today. Tea and food used on the table are placed at the other end of the hall. There is a big square table in the center of the temple, covered with red lacquer and gold, and decorated with dragon flowers. Tatars and Han Chinese don’t use tablecloths and napkins. They only spread yellow satin embroidered with golden dragons on the table. There are two tables around the front of the table, and the edges are decorated with colored stone beads inlaid with silver wire. These are all made of ordinary stones with no luster. On both sides of the hall, a ruler is set for the pro-expensive ministers, and the cushions are placed on the floor. They took their seats here for dinner. There are pyramids of cold meat in the food, and cold dishes made of aspic, beans, cauliflower or Chinese cabbage. The imperial table is full of colorful flowers, and flowers and trees are planted in large porcelain pots or painted wooden barrels all winter, which are displayed in the emperor’s bedroom. This is the main decoration in his inner bedroom. Other than that, everything is plain. The corner of the hall is separated by a screen, and a band is set here. A group of 10-to 12-year-old eunuchs, dressed as clowns, performed various martial arts in front of the table. Two of them bent their heads backward, almost touching their heels, and then stood upright at the beginning, without moving their positions or using their hands or feet …

　　On the Lantern Festival in the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), Xuanye invited his foreign teacher Zhang Cheng and others to watch the fireworks with him. Zhang Cheng Diary wrote: In the evening, we went to watch fireworks. The fire was set up opposite the queen’s bedroom. The emperor led the princes to watch in person. There are more than 20 pro-expensive ministers in the audience. Our seats are right next to them. There is nothing special about fireworks, only a string of lamps lit by artillery in series, which are soaring and dazzling, like many planets. The rest are just spray flowers, rain stars, tube explosions, rockets and so on. The first rocket was launched before the emperor arrived, and they said that he lit it himself. This rocket, like a sharp arrow off the bowstring, hit and ignited another fireworks 30 or 40 paces away. In this fireworks, a second rocket flew out, triggering a third fireworks and shooting a third rocket. Several fireworks are like a series of machines. The fireworks lasted for an hour.

　　Kangxi died in Changchun Garden.

　　Xuanye is a wise monarch, and he can handle a lot of difficult government affairs with ease, but the matter of abolishing the crown prince has caused him a lot of trouble and broken his heart, which seriously damaged his health. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (1717), on November 21st, Xuanye, who was seriously ill, summoned the princes, Manchu and Han university students, etc.Palace of Heavenly PurityDongnuange, issued a long and sincere message. He claims that he has been ill recently, his mind is in a trance, and his body is very tired. It is difficult to get up and walk without support. He also said that he is now seriously ill and forgetful, and he is very afraid of doing things right and wrong and doing something wrong. In 1957, Xuanye said that when he got up a little early, he "shook his hands and looked indecent, or his face suddenly changed when his heart beat." In April, 1958, he said that his "qi and blood are gradually declining, his spirit is gradually decreasing, he feels tired in doing things, and his writing hands are trembling". In the spring of 1961, I visited Jidian, and the provincial party asked the customs and inspected the officials and the people; In the summer, I toured the northern part of the Great Wall. After returning to Beijing at the end of September, I was busy with various government affairs. His hard work is running out.

　　On October 21, 61, Kangxi, Xuanye rushed to Nanyuan Hangwei again. Being tired for many days in a row, I feel even weaker, and it is the middle of winter, so I feel cold. On the seventh day of November, Xuanye returned to Changchun Garden to treat his illness. Traditionally, on the Winter Solstice Festival on November 15th, the emperor had to go to the southern suburbs to hold a ceremony to worship heaven. Because of illness, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of Emperor Yong, made sacrifices on his behalf and ordered him to fast in advance. On the 10th, 11th and 12th of this month, during his fast, Yin Zhen sent eunuchs and guards several times to greet his father’s illness, and Xuanye only replied casually: "I feel a little better." Late at night on the 12th, Xuanye’s condition deteriorated sharply. Just after midnight, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the Emperor, was summoned to the lent house, and he was ordered to return to Changchun Garden quickly. The Southern Suburb Sacrifice Code was reassigned to Wu Erzhan. At the same time, we also called Prince Yun Zhi of the Third Son of the Emperor, Wang Yun You of the Seventh Son of the Emperor, Baylor Yun You of the Eighth Son of the Emperor, Bei Zi Yun You of the Ninth Son of the Emperor, and Wang Yun of the Tenth Son of the Emperor. The twelve sons of Emperor Bei Zi Yun, the thirteen sons of Emperor Yun Xiang, and the minister of Li Fan Yuan Long Keduo all came to the side of the royal couch of Qingxi Bookstore and announced the heir to the throne, saying, "The four sons of Emperor are noble in character, and they are deeply humble, so they will be able to form a unified system, and I will be the emperor after them." At that time, the emperor’s five sons allowed Qi to pay homage to Xiao Dongling on the winter solstice and failed to listen to the testamentary edict impromptu. Because of their age and status, the fifteenth son of the Emperor allowed disaster, the sixteenth son of the Emperor allowed Lu, the seventeenth son of the Emperor allowed Li and the twentieth son of the Emperor allowed Yi to wait outside the bedroom, so they could not go in for training. At this time, Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the Emperor, came from the den to greet him. Xuanye also reported his growing illness. Yin Zhen had to comfort the emperor’s father with tears in his eyes.

　　Xuanye’s life has come to an end. On the same day (13th) night, this generation of British master died in Qingxi Bookstore in Changchun Garden at the age of 69.

　　That night, under the strict guard of the emperors, the ministers of Li Fan Yuan, and the commander of Long Keduo, the emperor’s body was transported from Changchun Garden to Ganqing Palace in the Forbidden City, and later buried in the Qingling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. On November 20th, the Royal Hall of Supreme Harmony in Yin Zhen was crowned as the third emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs-Yong Zhengdi.

The decoration is coming to an end, and only the wardrobe is not installed, so I will ask for the final payment, and I will not install it without paying. As soon as this matter was mentioned, Ms. Peng was very angry.

On August 7, Ms. Peng reported to the upstream news hotline 966966/ upstream news APP: In January this year, she signed an overall contract with Chongqing Aimeishe Decoration Engineering Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Aimeishe Company), entrusting Aimeishe Company to decorate a house in Central Park. The contract stipulated that after the acceptance of the main project, 5% of the final payment would be paid, but it has not passed the acceptance yet, and the decoration company can’t wait to ask for the final payment.

supplementary agreement

Pay the last payment before installing the wardrobe

On the morning of August 8, the upstream journalist came to the Jiuli Community of China Resources Park in Central Park, and saw that the decoration of the house was basically completed, and finally he waited to install the wardrobe.

Ms. Peng said that the package contract she signed with Aimeishe Company had an interior area of 137 square meters and a total price of 162,250 yuan. The contract stipulated that the project payment would be paid in three installments, and she had paid the money on time in the first two times according to the contract.

For the third time, Aimeishe did not act according to the contract: "If you want to install the wardrobe, you must pay the 5% balance of 8112 yuan, otherwise you will not deliver or install it."

Ms. Peng said that it is not the first time that the company has not complied with the contract. On January 8 this year, Aimeishe Company entered the site for renovation, and the first step was to add money to remove the bay window.

"We all know that the money for removing the bay window is included in the package price, but in order to increase the money in disguise, Aimeishe Company divided the bay window into’ brick mud bay window’ and’ concrete bay window’." Ms. Peng said that in order to carry out the renovation smoothly, 4 bay windows were demolished and 5,000 yuan was added.

At that time, Ms. Peng signed a supplementary agreement with Aimeshe Company, which will not generate any additional expenses outside the contract. If it is increased, the expenses will be borne by Aimeshe Company.

Owner’s letter

The owner sent a letter requesting to resume work as soon as possible.

"It may be that this supplementary agreement angered the decoration company, and the decoration behind it was troublesome." According to the contract, Aimeishe Company gave Ms. Peng a 30-square-meter wardrobe, but the wardrobe handle and other accessories need to be purchased by the owner himself. So, Ms. Peng paid another 3,000 yuan. However, after the wardrobe was completed, the company was slow to install it.

On August 5th, Ms. Peng sent the Letter on Accelerating the Renovation of Park Jiuli F7-X-X (hereinafter referred to as the "Progress Letter") to Aimeishe Company.

The upstream journalist saw that the progress letter mentioned that the project was coming to an end, only the remaining indoor wardrobe was not completed. Your staff completed the wardrobe size measurement on June 15, 2022, and installed it one month later as agreed, but it has not been installed yet, and the construction period has fallen behind by more than 20 days. We also urged the manufacturer and the project manager many times, giving the reason that the wardrobe will not be installed because the final payment for decoration has not been paid … I hope your company will urge and coordinate to resume work within 5 working days to avoid unnecessary losses.

On August 8, Ms. Peng told the reporter that after she sent a "Progress Letter" to Aimeishe Company, she still hasn’t received the installation call.

Wechat group communication

Lawyer: Decoration industry regulations have no legal effect.

On the morning of August 8, in the decoration WeChat group established by Aimeishe Company, the upstream journalist saw that on July 26, Ms. Peng said in the group: "My wardrobe is ready, and you are ready to install it. If you don’t come to install it, we will return it."

Jiang Qingli, supervisor of the engineering department of Aimeishe Company, replied: "The cabinets need to be delivered and installed after the final payment is paid."

Immediately, the upstream journalist contacted Jiang Qingli. "The donated project is installed after paying the final payment, which is the regulation of the decoration industry, and every decoration company is like this."

"Where there are these industry regulations, it is just the overlord clause of their company." Ms. Peng told reporters that there is no such agreement in the contract, and the decoration company just wants to finish the money first.

Lawyer Li Jianxing of Chongqing Jiuyan Law Firm said that according to the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, the renovation contract signed by both parties through equal and voluntary consultation has legal effect, while the decoration industry regulations have no legal effect, and the industry norms only play a binding role on industry practitioners. If there is a conflict between industry regulations and laws, the laws shall prevail.

How to solve this matter? Upstream news will continue to pay attention.

Upstream journalist Zheng Sanbo video editor Wang Shankun

Upstream news reporting hotline and channel: 966966, upstream news APP reporting. New things, feelings and grievances, welcome to tell the upstream news. Once the news clues are adopted, they will be rewarded as appropriate.

Long press the QR code to read more good news.

CCTV News:Since June, precipitation in some areas of Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and other places is less, and local drought is more serious. During the peak irrigation period, Liujiaxia and other key reservoirs of the Yellow River strengthen water regulation to ensure the safety of domestic water and agricultural water.

Liujiaxia Reservoir is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Yongjing County, Gansu Province, and irrigates more than 16 million mu of coastal areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. During the irrigation period in winter and spring every year, it can make up 1.6 billion cubic meters of water for agricultural production in Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia — 2 billion cubic meters. In view of the actual situation of the recent drought, according to the unified dispatch of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Liujiaxia Hydropower Plant has increased the outflow of the reservoir from 700 cubic meters per second to 1,400 cubic meters per second since the 6th, and the total daily outflow has also been greatly improved.

At present, the State Grid Liujiaxia Hydropower Plant in Gansu Province is paying close attention to the development and changes of water regime and drought in the basin, scientifically and finely dispatching the outflow of the reservoir, and ensuring the stable supply of irrigation water in the irrigation area.

　　On July 18th, 2016, in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, the Republican National Convention was held, and presidential candidate Trump and his wife Melania attended.

　　BEIJING, July 20 (Xinhua) According to foreign media reports on the 19 th, Dunica, a famous American "collective nude photo" photographer, enlarged his move — — On the occasion of the Republican National Convention, Dunica asked 100 naked women to take a group photo outside the Republican National Convention in Cleveland with a mirror reflecting sunlight to protest Trump’s hate speech.

　　Dunica’s large-scale art activity is called "Everything She says means everything", and all the participating women, regardless of their appearance, skin color and figure, are holding mirrors towards the venue of this week’s Republican Party Congress.

　　The Republican Party Congress officially nominated real estate tycoon Trump as the Republican presidential candidate.

　　Dunica is famous for taking nude photos, which are sometimes breathtaking. Hundreds of women showed up naked in Cleveland, some took selfies and took photos with onlookers gracefully.

　　Dunica wrote on social networking sites that these mirrors reflect "the advanced knowledge and intelligence of women to the convention center, urban landscape and vision of Cleveland".

　　The artist said that shooting is of political significance. When Dunica talked about Trump’s vicious abuse of Mexicans, Arabs, female journalists and others in June, he told AFP: "There should be no hate speech in the presidential election."

　　He said, "I can’t just vote. I have to do something." "I think every artist in the United States should create and send a message before the election."

Lead: Business has always been an important part of human society. There were many outstanding business figures in ancient China, but they were rarely known by the world. In order to summarize these business wisdom from ancient ancestors and enlighten the present, Lishi Business Think Tank has planned a series of "Business People in China’s Ancient Business History" for readers. This issue shares the financial magnate Wuyan who made a profit through the investment war in the Western Han Dynasty.

Liu Liping | Author Lishi Business Think Tank | Produced by

War is a matter that consumes human life and money. The former is the so-called "one will make a great effort and ten thousand bones will wither away", "poor bones along the river are still in a dream", and the latter is what Sun Tzu said in the Art of War: "Take a hundred thousand armour and feed food thousands of miles away". If more than one hundred thousand soldiers are used, they will be transported thousands of miles away, and there are also "internal and external expenses, guests’ use and glue.

In a word, fighting is a costly thing.

This is already a common sense.

However, we may not realize that the economic cost of war is not only paid by the state, but also by individuals. The personal contribution mentioned here is not to pay taxes for the country to use in the war, but as an individual, he should buy his own military supplies and use his own money to go to the battlefield.

This is actually in ancient China and foreign countries.

There is another point that many people may not realize. In ancient times, there were financial lending institutions that profited from the war and made huge profits.

What’s going on? Let’s take a look at the financial industry of the ancient investment war by resuming the chaos of the seven countries in the Western Han Dynasty.

one

The governors of the Western Han Dynasty dared to rebel because of money.

As we all know, since Qin Shihuang, China has implemented the county system, depriving the sons and grandsons of the right to hereditary territory and titles, and the political pattern of feudal society in China, as well as the central and local patterns, has been determined.

However, history is moving forward in a roundabout rhythm, moving forward, retreating a little, and moving forward again.

The Qin Dynasty was short-lived. Many people think that it was because Qin Shihuang implemented a thorough county system and did not set up descendants as vassals as barriers. So after the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, in addition to continuing the county system established by the Qin Dynasty, it was still mixed with the vassal system, and Liu Bang enfeoffed his sons and nephews to become princes everywhere, forming a pattern in which the county system and the enfeoffment system crossed.

Liu Bang was uneasy about this situation in his heart. For example, when he made his nephew Liu Bi the king of Wu, he saw that Liu Bi was strong and couldn’t help feeling a twinge in his heart, so he stroked Liu Bi’s head and said, "Your boy must be loyal to my big fellow, and there must be no infidelity." Liu Bi was also frightened and trembling by this uncle who killed the snake uprising and put down the overlord, and said, "I will obey you."

With Liu Bang gone, it is not necessary to obey.

With the passage of time, the honeymoon period of the county system and the enfeoffment system passed quickly, and two different blood types could not coexist in the body of a dynasty and began to repel each other.

By the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi, a famous scholar, urged the emperor to end the system of enfeoffment.

When Emperor Han Jingdi arrived, Chao Cuo, the minister, explicitly proposed to cut the vassal.

Thus, in 154 BC, the contradiction between the imperial court and the princes was irreconcilable. Headed by Liu Bi, the king of Wu, the king of Chu, the king of Zhao, the king of Jinan, the king of Zichuan, the king of Jiaoxi and the king of Jiaodong, they launched a rebellion in the name of "Qingjun side".

On the surface, the rebellion of the seven countries was to kill Chao Cuo, and Emperor Han Jing really believed it and killed Chao Cuo. However, the rebellion did not stop. It turned out that all the governors wanted not Chao Cuo’s life, but the life of the Han Dynasty.

I don’t need to repeat too much about the process and ending of the war. It only took more than three months, and the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms was quelled by Zhou Yafu. Since then, the governors of the Han Dynasty no longer have the ability to confront the central dynasty by force.

The angle we cut in is the economic angle.

When the rebellion just started, how did the wealth and power of the two sides compare?

Everyone must be familiar with Emperor Han Jingdi’s side. It was the prosperous time of the rule of Wenjing. It is said that the grain in the treasury rotted into red, and the money strings were scattered, but they were not used.

And the vassal state side, do you think it is very weak?

Not only not weak, but even stronger than the central dynasty.

The State of Wu under the rule of the King of Wu, Liu Ying, was a giant consortium, which not only had a lot of money, but also implemented a wartime economic system.

The biggest advantage is that the prince of Wu has mines at home.

Yuzhang County, within the jurisdiction of Liu Bi, has a huge copper mountain, which can be used to cast coins; On the east side of the jurisdiction, there is a boundless sea where salt can be boiled.

There is money and salt, and there is no need to pay taxes.

Under this innate advantage, Wu was fully capable of waging war with the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty, and the advantage lay in Wu.

Liu Bi also attaches great importance to the welfare in China. The people live a good life and enjoy extra care. Once the local people are recruited by the central government for military service, the local government of Wu will also pay the employment fee for these people. One person is serving in the military service for the government, so the whole family life need not worry.

The imperial court recruited soldiers, and the local government gave them living expenses. It was clear that it was to buy the hearts of local people.

There are rich mountains, salt seas, manpower, people’s hearts, and princes fighting against the imperial court. The odds are really great. I really don’t know how to write the history of the national movement of the Western Han Dynasty if it weren’t for the military genius Zhou Yafu left by God.

On Wu’s side, the king of Wu paid the bill for participating in the rebel war.

On the central side of the Western Han Dynasty, those who fought had to buy equipment from their own pockets.

What’s more, major financial institutions in Chang ‘an City are reluctant to lend because they are bearish on the war prospect of the central dynasty.

What should Chang ‘an government do next?

two

In the case of sparing loans, how did the Western Han military get out of the predicament?

Re-examine the situation in Chang ‘an before the war.

It can be said that people are in a panic. The financial industry is a barometer of politics and military affairs. At that time, the financial institutions in Chang ‘an basically refused to give it to the "Central Army" of the Han Dynasty because they thought the chances of winning were too low.

"Biography of Huo Zhi" in Historical Records records: "Zi Qianjia thought that Hou Yi’s country was in Kanto, and the success or failure of Kanto was undecided, so he refused to cooperate."

The so-called sub-money family is the kind of lending institution and folk. They thought that the vassal state was east of Chang ‘an, and the success or failure was uncertain at that time, so they refused to lend.

Who will you lend it to?

To those who went to the front to fight.

These liehou ancestors got some enfeoffment because they worked for the Han Dynasty, mostly in the form of land. In return, liehou had to provide their own equipment, buy their own weapons and pommel horses and go to the front at their own expense when the country had military operations.

This situation existed in ancient China and abroad.

For example, "Mulan Ci" said: "The east market buys horses, the west market buys saddles, the south market buys bridles and the north market buys whips." Before Mulan joined the army, she bought equipment all over the market, and probably went to the front at her own expense.

Another example is Dumas’ novel The Three Musketeers. The French cardinal launched a war against Spain, and the members of the King’s Musketeers had to prepare their own armor, horses, knives and guns and follow the cardinal to the battlefield. One of them had to please the ladies and borrow money because he was short of money.

This is the situation faced by the Western Han Dynasty.

The assets given by the imperial court are either idle or gambled away, and maybe some of them are still negative assets.

It is necessary to serve the court. But you can’t go to the battlefield on foot with a bamboo pole with bare arms.

They first thought of loans, and maybe they are already frequent customers of these financial lending institutions.

However, all over Chang ‘an, financial institutions are either closed or pushed. Sorry, we financial predators are not optimistic about the war prospects of the imperial court, so we can’t borrow this money.

At this time, the strong men of the Western Han Dynasty were in a desperate situation.

The cross-flow of the sea shows the true colors of heroes and financial institutions.

I am greedy when others are afraid.

This greedy financial institution finally came out. At that time, it was not a financial crocodile, but it was ambitious.

The boss of this financial institution, surnamed Wu Yan, put up a signboard and was willing to lend money to the soldiers who were about to go to the front.

Soon, the empty-handed Hou people rushed in.

The Wuyan family made a written statement with the heroes who were about to go out, and the money was immediately available, but there was a harsh condition, that is, the interest was ten times.

"Its interest rate is ten."

It’s a total usury.

However, without thinking about it, the Hou immediately took money and bought brand-new equipment, and went to the front line without hesitation.

The so-called ten times interest rate is not a threat to them at all.

Because there are only two endings.

One is to die, and people don’t have to pay their debts when they die.

First, victory, once there is a trophy, this interest of ten times can only be described as "mere".

And there are only two endings of salt-free financial institutions.

First, defeat, defeat is defeat, nothing more than losing all one’s money, and the imperial court and country will be lost. What is there to say?

One is victory. Needless to say, we have everything.

The nature of capital is profit-loving, aggressive and adventurous.

Let the capital fight with the soldiers of the crusade.

three

Borrowing capital gained ten times in the war of seven countries.

The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion in 154 AD eventually became a large-scale dying struggle of local governors. The Han Dynasty continued its life for more than a hundred years, and the supreme military commander of the imperial court, Zhou Yafu, must be the most grateful person in the world. He used Han Jingdi’s uncle Liang Xiaowang as a fortress to attract the rebels’ fire, so that the rebels were exhausted here, and then he broke the back road of the seven countries by himself, and finally put down the rebellion in three months.

It was Liang Xiaowang who was not under Zhou Yafu’s credit. Although he didn’t take the initiative, he clung to his territory and resisted the fierce attacks of the rebels of the Seven Countries. Liang Xiaowang repeatedly asked Zhou Yafu for help, but Zhou Yafu just ignored it. Others were unreliable and had to ask for help, so the defensive ability was greatly stimulated, which led to great damage to the troops of the Seven Countries at the gates and made it impossible for Zhou Yafu to send troops.

There is another point that many people may not think of, and that is the lending institution-Wuyan’s Qianjia.

The bold lending behavior of the Wuyan clan actually retained the military backbone for the Western Han Dynasty, greatly released their fighting capacity and stimulated their desire to fight. There is money in your hand and you don’t panic when you go into battle. This is one of them. If you are in debt, you must fight bravely and win, so that you can earn your money back and look forward to the future. This is the second.

It can be said that the financial institutions without salt made a key contribution to the victory of the Western Han Dynasty.

Finance not only provides capital, but also provides confidence.

After the victory, the survivors came back with a huge amount of trophies, and their profits exceeded ten times the interest, which made everyone happy.

As for those who were buried in the battlefield, the debts they borrowed were of course bad debts, but they were completely washed away by rich returns.

The ultimate winner is the Han Dynasty.

The biggest winner is the Wuyan family.

Compared with before the war, its assets have increased tenfold.

"At the age of one, the interest rate of the salt-free family is ten times."

Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi, a short historical material, shows us the richer structure of ancient wars. It is not only the correct decision of the rulers, the level of the commanders’ use of troops, and the bravery of the soldiers that determines the outcome of the war to quell the rebellion of the Seven Countries, but also closely related to financial lending. It became an integral part of the fighting capacity and fighting confidence of the Han Dynasty.

From a financial point of view, Sima Qian may be the first person in China since ancient times.

— END —